I too agree with the 1830 revolution theory as it fits the song so well. When I first heard the song it brought to my mind the French revolution with the notion of revolutionaries and heads rolling etc.
I think the god idea is brought however intentionally or unintentially into the song via the idea of a ruler having a "divine right" to the thrown. The line "I know st. peter won't call my name" suggests to me that the protagonist of the song is acknowledging that either through dismissal of religion (as mentioned previously by Plato), or through poor leadership they arn't worthy to rule, as this traditionally required some form of "divine right".
"Death and all his friends" concludes this story with the line "I don't want to follow death and all of his friends" indicating that he didn't wish to be executed like the kings before him, and instead just "escape".
On a side note this album presents as a debate between life vs. death, much in the way "A Rush of Blood to the Head" featured a faith vs. science debate. Life is presented as glorious in Life in Technicolour, Strawberry Swing, Viva la Vida[live the life], etc. whereas Death is portrayed as mysterious, and overwhelming via Cemeteries of London, 42, and Death and all his friends.
I think a lot of people miss the point the with a lot of Coldplay songs. They can be enjoyed without thinking about the meaning for sure, but to me albums like "A Rush of Blood to the Head" are so more poignient if you dig a little bit deeper into the songs. Coldplay have being talking about their struggles with believing or not believing in god for years, "God put a smile on my face" was contrased with "The scientist". "Viva la Vida" once again tackles these sorts of issues however this time it is the simpler examination of Life and Death.