Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

Internet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the more general networking concept, see internetworking.

 

The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP). It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks. It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

 

Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, etc.; the Web is a collection of interconnected documents, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, and is accessible using the Internet.

Contents [hide]

1 Creation of the Internet

2 Today's Internet

2.1 Internet Protocols

2.2 Internet structure

2.3 ICANN

3 Internet culture

3.1 The World Wide Web

3.2 Remote access

3.3 Collaboration

3.4 File-sharing

3.5 Streaming media and VoIP

3.6 Language

3.7 Cultural awareness

3.8 Internet and the workplace

4 Censorship

5 Internet access

6 Capitalization conventions

7 Leisure

8 A complex system

9 Marketing

10 Significant Internet events

10.1 Malfunctions and attacks

11 See also

12 References

13 External links

13.1 General

13.2 Articles

13.3 History

 

[edit]

 

Creation of the Internet

Main article: History of the Internet

 

The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the U.S. to create the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to regain a U.S. technological lead. DARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution. Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first node went live at UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be called the ARPANET, the "eve" network of today's Internet. [1]

 

The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational by January 1, 1983 (this is technically the birth of the Internet), when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. It was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1995. Important separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged into the Internet include Usenet, Bitnet and the various commercial and educational X.25 networks such as Compuserve and JANET. The ability of TCP/IP to work over these pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth. Use of Internet as a phrase to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated around this time.

 

The network gained a public face in the 1990s. In August 1991 CERN in Switzerland publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few web pages at CERN in Switzerland. In 1993 the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign released the Mosaic web browser version 1.0, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word "Internet" was common public currency, but it referred almost entirely to the World Wide Web.

 

Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks such as FidoNet have remained separate). This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.

[edit]

 

Today's Internet

 

Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is held together by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (for example peering agreements) and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network.

 

Indeed, the Internet is essentially defined by its interconnections and routing policies. In an often-cited, if perhaps gratuitously mathematical definition, Seth Breidbart once described the Internet as "the largest equivalence class in the reflexive, transitive, symmetric closure of the relationship 'can be reached by an IP packet from'".

 

As of January 2006, over 1 billion people use the Internet according to Internet World Stats.

 

 

[edit]

 

Internet Protocols

 

Unlike older communications systems, the Internet protocol suite was deliberately designed to be independent of the underlying physical medium. Any communications network, wired or wireless, that can carry two-way digital data can carry Internet traffic. Thus, Internet packets flow through wired networks like copper wire, coaxial cable, and fibre optic; and through wireless networks like Wi-Fi. Together, all these networks, sharing the same high-level protocols, form the Internet.

 

The Internet protocols originate from discussions within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its working groups, which are open to public participation and review. These committees produce documents that are known as Request for Comments documents (RFCs). Some RFCs are raised to the status of Internet Standard by the IETF process.

 

Some of the most used protocols in the Internet protocol suite are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, SSL, and TLS.

 

Some of the popular services on the Internet that make use of these protocols are e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, Instant Messenger, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger, IRC, MUDs, and MUSHs. Of these, e-mail and the World Wide Web are clearly the most used, and many other services are built upon them, such as mailing lists and blogs. The Internet makes it possible to provide real-time services such as Internet radio and webcasts that can be accessed from anywhere in the world.

 

Some other popular services of the Internet were not created this way, but were originally based on proprietary systems. These include IRC, ICQ, AIM, and Gnutella, although all of those mentioned now have Free implementations, which in some cases are the most commonly used.

[edit]

 

Internet structure

 

There have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.

 

Similar to how the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:

GEANT

Internet2

GLORIAD

 

These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also the list of academic computer network organizations

 

In network schematic diagrams, the Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.

[edit]

 

ICANN

Main article: ICANN

 

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet protocol addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace (i.e., a system of names in which there is one and only one holder of each name) is essential for the Internet to function. ICANN is headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, but is overseen by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have a privileged role in approving changes to the root zone file that lies at the heart of the domain name system. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet, but the scope of its authority extends only to the Internet's systems of domain names, Internet protocol addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers.

[edit]

 

Internet culture

 

The Internet is also having a profound impact on work, leisure, knowledge and worldviews.

 

Graphic representation of the WWW, a service running over the Internet, as represented by hyperlinks

[edit]

 

The World Wide Web

Main article: World Wide Web

 

Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Google, millions worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.

 

Some companies and individuals have adopted the use of 'weblogs' or blogs, which are largely used as easily-updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work.

 

For more information on the distinction between the World Wide Web and the Internet itself — as in everyday use the two are sometimes confused — see Dark internet where this is discussed in more detail.

[edit]

 

Remote access

 

The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements.

 

This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working book-keepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private, leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice.

 

An office worker away from his desk, perhaps the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into his normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives him complete access to all his normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while he is away.

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Collaboration

 

This low-cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills has revolutionized some, and given rise to whole new, areas of human activity. One example of this is the collaborative development and distribution of Free/Libre/Open-Source Software (FLOSS) such as Linux, Mozilla and OpenOffice.org. See Collaborative software.

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File-sharing

 

A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networking.

 

In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication; the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption and money may change hands before or after access to the file is given. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example a credit card whose details are also passed - hopefully fully encrypted - across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 message digests.

 

These simple features of the Internet, over a world-wide basis, are changing the basis for the production, sale and distribution of many types of product, wherever they can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of office documents, publications, software products, music, photography, video, animations, graphics and the other arts. This in turn is causing seismic shifts in each of the existing industry associations, such as the RIAA and MPAA in the USA, that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products in that country.

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Streaming media and VoIP

 

Many existing radio and television broadcasters have provided Internet 'feeds' of their live audio and video streams (for example, the BBC). They have been joined by a range of pure Internet 'broadcasters' who never had on-air licences. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a TV or radio receiver. The range of material is much wider, from pornography to highly specialised technical web-casts. The simplest equipment can allow anybody, with little censorship or licencing control, to broadcast on a worldwide basis. Time-shift viewing or listening is not a problem as the BBC have shown with their Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features.

 

Web-cams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. In this case the picture may update only slowly - perhaps once every few seconds or slower, but Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal or the traffic at a local roundabout live and in real time. Video chat rooms, video conferencing, and remote controllable webcams have become popular. Some people install webcams in their bedrooms that can be accessed by other voyeurs, often with two-way sound.

 

VoIP stands for Voice over IP, where IP refers to the Internet Protocol that underlies all Internet communication. This phenomenon began as an optional two-way voice extension to some of the Instant Messaging systems that took off around the turn of the millennium. In recent years many people and organizations have made VoIP systems as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the actual voice traffic is carried by the Internet, VoIP is free or costs much less than an actual telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on ADSL or DSL Internet connections anyway. The disadvantages are that it is still difficult to initiate a call with someone, unless they also have a VoIP phone or are at their computer and that there are still several competing standards that are mitigating against universal acceptance.

 

In all of these cases, existing large organizations, that have grown accustomed to regular incomes for their services, are finding increased competition in their service areas, coming directly from the Internet. While newcomers strive to make these inroads, the traditional industries are having to adapt, adopt, complain or suffer. Meanwhile the consumer in each case most probably benefits from the increased range of services and possible price reductions. Some worry about censorship and control while others see a continuing globalisation of culture and norms.

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Language

Main article: English on the Internet

 

The most prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be due to the Internet's origins, as well as English's role as the lingua franca. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers to handle characters other than those in the basic Latin alphabet.

 

Further information: Unicode

 

After English (32% of web visitors) the most-requested languages on the world wide web are Chinese 13%, Japanese 8%, Spanish 7%, German 6% and French 4% (from Internet World Stats, updated November 30, 2005).

 

By continent, 34% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 29% in Europe, and 23% in North America ([2] updated November 21, 2005).

 

The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years that good facilities are available for development and communication in most widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake still remain.

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Cultural awareness

 

From a cultural awareness perspective, the Internet has been both an advantage and a liability. For people who are interested in other cultures it provides a significant amount of information and an interactivity that would be unavailable otherwise. However, for people who are not interested in other cultures there is some evidence indicating that the Internet enables them to avoid contact to a greater degree than ever before.

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Internet and the workplace

 

With the emergence of the internet and recent high speed connections becoming available to the public, the internet has altered the way many people work in significant ways. Contrary to the traditional 9-5 workday where employees commute to and from work, the internet has allowed greater flexibility both in terms of working hours and work location. Today, many employees work from home by "telecommuting".

 

The internet and the advent of blogs has given employees a forum from which to voice their opinions about their jobs, employers and co-workers, creating a massive amount of information and data on work that is currently being collected by the Worklifewizard.org project run by Harvard Law School's Labor & Worklife Program.

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Censorship

Main article: Censorship in cyberspace

 

Some countries, such as Iran and the People's Republic of China, restrict what people in their countries can see on the Internet, especially unwanted political and religious content. Censorship is sometimes done through government controlled censoring filters, or by means of law or culture, making the propagation of targeted materials extremely hard. However, many internet users with the technical skill are able to bypass these filters meaning that most Internet content is available regardless of where one is in the world, so long as one has the technical skill and means of connecting to it.

 

In the Western world, it is Germany that has the highest rate of censorship, especially of Nazis. However, most countries in the Western world do not force Internet Service Providers to block sites.

 

There are a large number of programs available that will block what are deemed to be offensive sites (such as pornographic or violent) on indivdual computers or networks.

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Internet access

Main article: Internet access

 

Internet public access point.

 

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Online linux connect

 

Common methods of home access include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable, fibre optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and cell phones.

 

Public places to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places like airport halls, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee based.

 

Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi-cafes, where a would-be user needs to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. The whole campus or park, or even the entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks.

 

Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular or mobile phone networks, and fixed wireless services.

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Capitalization conventions

Main article: Internet Capitalization Conventions

 

In formal usage, Internet is traditionally written with a capital first letter. The Internet Society, the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the World Wide Web Consortium, and several other Internet-related organizations all use this convention in their publications. In English grammar, proper nouns are capitalized.

 

Most newspapers, newswires, periodicals, and technical journals also capitalize the term. Examples include the New York Times, the Associated Press, Time, The Times of India, Hindustan Times and Communications of the ACM.

 

In other cases, the first letter is often written small (internet), and many people are not aware of any convention of using a capital letter. Some argue that internet is the correct form.

 

Since 2000, a significant number of publications have switched to using internet. Among them are The Economist, the Financial Times, the London Times, and the Sydney Morning Herald. As of 2005, most publications using internet appear to be located outside of North America although one American news source, Wired News, has adopted the lowercase spelling.

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Leisure

 

The Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to neta; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular.

 

The pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other Web sites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.

 

One main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.

 

Online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, which players of games would typically subscribe to. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games. With the release of Diablo by Blizzard Entertainment, gamers were treated to a built in online game service that was free of charge. With Blizzard's next game, StarCraft, the gaming world saw an explosion in the numbers of players using the Internet to play multi-player games. StarCraft may have been the first non-MMO game in which most players utilized the online gameplay as opposed to the single-player gameplay.

 

Online gaming has progressed so much in the last 10 years that some gamers can earn a living by being a professional at the subject by winning tournaments and prizes as well as signing sponsor deals. Because there is large support for certain online games, new communities have been born for people modding games; where users edit games to add a whole new element to it. This is how games such as Counter-Strike were born from the Half-Life Gaming Engine.

 

Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services[3].

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A complex system

 

Many computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system" (Willinger, et al). The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity.

This section is a stub. You can help by adding to it.

[edit]

 

Marketing

 

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with World Wide Web. (Discuss)

 

The Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet; also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast amount of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people.

This section is a stub. You can help by adding to it.

[edit]

 

Significant Internet events

[edit]

 

Malfunctions and attacks

2003 North America blackout - August 14, 2003

SQL Slammer worm - January 24, 2003

2002 DNS Backbone DDoS - October 22, 2002

UUNet/Worldcom backbone difficulties - October 3, 2002

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See also

 

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Internet

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Internet

List of Internet topics

An internet of things

Art on the Internet

Bogon filtering

Catenet

Central ad server

Cybersex

Cyberzine

Dark internet

Download

Democracy on the Internet

Dynamics of the Internet

E-mail

Extranet

File Sharing

Flaming

Friendship on the Internet

HyperText Transfer Protocol

Hacktivism or Hacker culture

History of the Internet

Humor on the Internet

ICANN

Instant Messaging

International Freedom of Expression eXchange - monitors Internet censorship around the world

Internet 2

Internet Archive

Internet forum

Internet pornography

Internet Relay Chat

Internet Service Provider

Internet traffic engineering

Internets (colloquialism)

Interweb

Intranet

Modem

NANOG

Netiquette

Network Mapping

Online banking

Open Directory Project

Privacy on the Internet

Search engine

Security breaches

Server

TOTSE

Slang on the Internet

Trolls and trolling

Upload

Videotex - an early communications technology

Web browser

Web hosting

Web portal

WebQuest

World Wide Web

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References

Living Internet -- Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet.

First Monday peer-reviewed journal on the internet

Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (Inside Technology (Paperback)), MIT Press 2000, ISBN 0262511150

Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker. (2002). Scaling phenomena in the Internet. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, suppl. 1, 2573 – 2580.

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External links

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General

The Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Dictionary - Definitions of Internet-related terms

The Alternate Internet Glossary (Humor)

Internet Slang Dictionary

Internet access stats

Glossary of Computer and Internet Terms

Internet Health Report from Keynote

Internet World Stats

The Pros and Cons of the Internet

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Articles

"EU and U.S. clash over control of the Net" - International Herald Tribune article by Tom Wright

"10 Years that changed the world" - WiReD looks back at the evolution of the Internet over last 10 years

Internet Explained Seven part article explaining the origins to the present and a summary for future of the Internet.

John Walker: The Digital Imprimatur

addressingtheworld.info - website accompanying a book (ISBN 0742528103) on the history of DNS

How Stuff Works explanation of the Infrastructure of the Internet

"It's Just the 'internet' Now" - Wired.com article by Tony Long

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History

The Internet Society History Page

How the Internet Came to Be

Hobbes' Internet Timeline v7.0

Futures and Non-futures for Scholarly Internet.

History of the Internet links

RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover

Internet Archive - A searchable database of old cached versions of websites dating back to 1996

A list of lectures, some of which relate to the Internet, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is available here. Of particular interest is lecture #3 The Next Big Thing: Video Internet which is delivered in Real Player format. The lecture gives a brief history of networking; discusses convergence between the internet/telephone/television networks; the expansion of broadband access; makes predictions about the future of delivery of video over the internet.

 

 

Internet

E-mail - Usenet - World Wide Web - Instant messaging - File sharing

 

Categories: Section stubs | Articles to be merged | Communication | Computer networks | Digital media | Digital Revolution | Internet | Networks

Sex

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about biological sexes — male, female, etc. For alternate uses, such as the activity of sex, see Sex (disambiguation)

Sex, in the scope of this article and category, refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction. The somewhat similar term gender has more to do with identity than biology. The concept is confined to organisms that reproduce sexually.

 

The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell) and which typically bears the offspring. The category of sex reflects the biological reproductive function, rather than sexuality or other behaviors. In some lower animals, sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism as some species, such as earthworms, are normally hermaphroditic.

 

Sexuality Portal

Look up Sex in Wiktionary, the free dictionaryContents [hide]

1 Sex in non-animal species

2 Sex among humans

2.1 Discordance

2.2 Biological varieties of discordance

2.3 Psychological, behavioral, and cultural varieties of discordance

2.4 Social and legal considerations

3 See also

4 External links and further reading

 

 

 

[edit]

Sex in non-animal species

Main article: Plant sexuality

Plants are generally hermaphrodites, but this terminology is quickly complicated by variations in the degree of sexuality. As with animals, there are only two types of gametes. These are generally called male and female based on their relative sizes and motility. In flowering plants, flowers bear the gametes. In some cases, flowers may contain only one type of gamete, while in others they may contain both.

 

In other varieties of multicellular life (e.g. the fungi division, Basidiomycota), sexual characteristics can be much more complex, and may involve many more than two sexes. For details on the sexual characteristics of fungi, see: Hypha and Plasmogamy.

 

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Sex among humans

See Human sexuality for information about sexual activities (having sex, making love), sexual sensation, sexual gratification, and sexual intimacy between human beings

In humans, sex is conventionally perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes, such that a person can only be female or male. However, when the criteria which are generally used to define femaleness and maleness are examined more closely, it becomes apparent that the assignment or determination of 'sex' occurs at multiple levels. Environmental, biological, social, psychological and other factors are all believed to have some role in this process, and the complex interaction of these factors is expressed in the diversity of biological and psychosocial 'states' or levels found amongst the human population. A significant fraction of the human population simply does not correspond exclusively to either 'female' or 'male' with regard to every level of definition expressed in the following table. This discordance is discussed in more detail below.

 

This table outlines the major levels at which society currently recognizes a difference between human females and males. Some criteria are dichotomous and some, such as body size, exhibit sexual dimorphism (i.e. characteristics which are statistically more likely to be found in one sex than the other). Some of the levels are more amenable to scientific study or measurement than others; some are "imputed" or assigned to individuals by the society of which they are members (e.g. whether human males must wear trousers is a result of social norms); and some seem to be generated within each individual as a subjective identity or drive.

 

"Primary" sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction. "Secondary" sexual characteristics typically develop later in life (usually during puberty) and are not directly involved in reproduction.

 

Level of definition Female Male

Biological levels (Sex)

Primary sex characteristics (Sex)

Usual sex chromosomes XX in humans XY in humans

Usual gonads ovaries testes

Usual level of sex hormones oestrogen, gestagen testosterone

Usual anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles

Usual anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris, labia, vulva, clitoral hood, perineal urethra glans penis, scrotum, phallus, foreskin fused perineum

Secondary sex characteristics (Sex)

Usually Breasts, menstrual cycle, development of "hourglass" body form (i.e., 8), relatively shorter height, relatively more body fat Facial and body hair, development of "triangular" body form (i.e., ▲, ►, ▼, or ◄, depending on the occasion), relatively higher height, relatively less body fat, relatively lower voice

Usually both sexes Pubic hair, underarm hair

Psychosocial levels (Gender)

Usual Assigned sex "It's a girl" "It's a boy"

Usual Gender of rearing "You are a girl" "You are a boy"

Usual Gender identity "I am a girl/woman" "I am a boy/man"

Usual Gender role "feminine" social behavior "masculine" social behavior

Usual sexual orientation androphilic gynephilic

 

The relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood. Many of the biological levels are said to cause, or at least shape, the next level. For example, in most people, the presence of a Y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes, which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male, which in turn lead parents to assign 'male' as the sex of their child (assigned sex), and raise the child as a boy (gender of rearing). However, the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation, and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation, is less well understood (see the nature versus nurture debate).

 

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Discordance

As indicated above, the levels of this paradigm imply a certain level of 'discordance' amongst the human population, as a result of diversity amongst humans.

 

Some discordances are purely biological, such as when the sex of the chromosomes (genetic sex) does not match the sex of the external genitalia (anatomic sex). This type of discordance is fairly well understood and is described briefly in the next section, and more fully in the article on intersex.

 

Discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels, such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex, or between the various psychosocial levels, such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity, are even more common, but less well understood, generally speaking. These levels of definition and discordance are described below and in individual articles.

 

Understanding of discordance is important for several reasons. We can learn much about the processes of sexual differentiation, both biological and psychosocial, from people with biological discordances. Some of the levels of discordance have enormous significance to the lives of those affected and their relationships with society. In some cases, the causes of the discordances have acquired controversial political significance. Societies vary on the values placed on some discordances. In the last several decades, the public consensus of many Western societies has come to view some discordances as less undesirable and more tolerable than much of the rest of the world, although this view may exhibit a certain level of cultural imperialism.

 

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Biological varieties of discordance

Human variability occurs in all the levels by which sex and gender are defined. Discordance at the biological levels is often referred to as an intersex condition. For example, some women may have an XY karyotype (chromosomal constellation); these women usually have a condition known as Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Some boys may have a rudimentary uterus, or an extra X chromosome (Klinefelter's syndrome). In a small subset of boys and girls with intersex conditions, the external genitalia may be undervirilized or overvirilized. If the degree of virilization is "in-between", the genitalia are described as "ambiguous". Many people with intersex conditions do not have ambiguous genitalia. However, for these people, the relationships between biological factors (such as hormones i.e. progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone), environmental factors, and the psychosocial levels of sexual identity, such as gender identity and sexual orientation, have proven to be complex, with numerous exceptions to proposed theoretical systems. For example, there have been cases of people with male genetic/chromosomal sex, but with female external genitalia, assigned and raised as female, but discovering or deciding upon a male gender identity by adolescence. The degree to which a person's gender identity is affected by hormones, by genetic factors distinct from hormones, by early education, by social factors, and by "existential choice" remains imperfectly understood and a subject of superfluous contention.

 

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Psychological, behavioral, and cultural varieties of discordance

In contrast to the small percentage of people with biological discordances of sex, a fairly large proportion of human beings may be "discordant" in one or more behavioral or psychological dimensions. The vast majority of these people who are discordant in some aspect of psyche or behavior do not have any detectable biological intersex condition, although some recent studies point towards biological factors in at least some of those conditions. Human societies respond to, or accommodate, these behavioral and psychological discordances in many different ways, ranging from suppression and denial of difference to acknowledging various forms of "third sex".

 

It may be significant that some societies identify youths with atypical behavioral characteristics and, instead of giving them corrective therapy or punishing them, socialize them in such a way that their individual characteristics let them provide a needed and/or useful function for the society in a recognized and respected role (e.g. individuals who take on the role or customs of shaman, medicine man or tong-ki).

 

Pictograms of men and women are often used to indicate the respective toilets designated for each sex. An example of this in the article pictogram shows the man with broader shoulders (sex dimorphism) and the woman in clothing that is, in the western world, rarely worn by men, and which functions as a gender signal. (Presumably these "male human" and "female human" pictograms are not used in countries where men wear dress-like clothing.) In many current societies, it is considered improper for a person of one sex to misrepresent himself or herself as a member of the opposite sex by donning gender-specific clothing of that sex, thereby practicing transvestism or cross-dressing. Such behavior receives severe social and/or legal sanctions in some cultures, whilst being tolerated or even celebrated in others.

 

See also berdache, hijra, xanith and transgender.

 

Such complex situations have led some scientists to argue that the two sexes are cultural constructions. Some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non-polar terms, in the belief that the simple division of all humans into "males" and "females" does not fit their individual conditions. A proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions, Anne Fausto-Sterling, once suggested we recognize five sexes: male, female, merm (male pseudo-hermaphrodite), ferm (female pseudo-hermaphrodite) and herm (true hermaphrodite). Although this theory was quickly rejected by many as a bizarre flouting of human nature and social reality, inimical to the interests of those whom she was attempting to champion, it expresses the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations.

 

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Social and legal considerations

Forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism. Notably, some businesses, public institutions, and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another, or they may require different sexes to be physically separated. Recently, western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality.

 

In gender theory, the term "heteronormativity" refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories, male and female; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders; and that each gender has certain natural roles in life.

^ :lol:

:sneaky: :sneaky: :sneaky:

 

Love

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

 

 

 

For other uses, see Love (disambiguation).

 

The heart, a frequent modern symbol of loveLove has several different meanings in the English language, from something that gives a little pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism, pair-bonding). It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love. Probably due to its emotional primacy, love is one of the most common themes in art.

 

Love might best be defined as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Or to put simply, "love responds intentionally to promote well-being". (Thomas Jay Oord).

 

Love is inherent in all human cultures and thus may be seen as a defining trait of humanity, that is, love is a quality that makes one human. It is precisely these cultural differences that make any universal definition of love difficult, but not impossible, to establish. See the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etcetera. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain.

 

Love may be compared to the truth, for one must love to find the truth, but most will find love on more instinct levels.

 

 

 

 

Emotions

Acceptance

Anger

Anticipation

Boredom

Disgust

Envy

Fear

Guilt

Hate

Hope

Joy

Jealousy

Love

Regret

Remorse

Sadness

Shame Sorrow

Surprise

 

 

Contents [hide]

1 Impersonal love

2 Religious love

3 Scientific models

3.1 Attraction and attachment

3.2 Companionate vs. passionate

3.3 Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

3.4 Love styles

3.5 Phases

4 Cultural views

4.1 Chinese

4.2 Japanese

4.3 Ancient Greek

4.4 Latin

4.5 Indonesian and Malaysian

5 Religious views

5.1 Buddhist

5.2 Christian

5.3 Hindu

5.4 Islamic

5.5 Jewish

5.6 Mythological

5.7 Theological

6 See also

6.1 Human love

6.2 Other types of love (philias)

7 References

8 External links

 

 

 

[edit]

Impersonal love

 

Eros

Mythological God and symbol of loveA person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' 'love' of their cause may be born not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. People can also 'love' material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding their identity with that item. (ex: "I love cheese.") In some cases there may be an erotic component to such feeling of love. If that desire reaches the point of being acted out, it may be considered unhealthy, and fall under the category of paraphilia.

 

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Religious love

Whether religious love can be expressed in similar terms to interpersonal love is a matter for philosophical debate. Religious 'love' might be considered a euphemistic term, more closely describing feelings of deference or acquiescence. Most religions use the term love to express the devotion the follower has to their deity, who may be a living guru or religious teacher. This love can be expressed by prayer, service, good deeds, and personal sacrifice. Lizzie religiously loves Jeff. Emily Skinner is Lizzie's neighbor. Reciprocally, the followers may believe that the deity loves the followers and all of creation. Some traditions encourage the development of passionate love in the believer for the deity. Refer to Religious Views below.

 

[edit]

Scientific models

 

Swans forming a heart shape, the shape a common symbol for love.Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, just like hunger or thirst. Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views — certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin) and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love.

 

[edit]

Attraction and attachment

The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love — sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to his or her mother or father.

 

In the February 2006 issue of National Geographic, Lauren Slater's cover page article "Love: The Chemical Reaction" discusses love and the chemicals responsible. In it Slater explains some of the research in the area. Some key points:

 

The serotonin effects of being in love have a simliar chemical appearance to obsessive-compulsive disorder. For this reason some assert that being on a SSRI, which treats OCD, impedes ones ability to fall in love.

The long-term attachment felt after the initial passion is over is a result of chemicals such as oxytocin. Things like massaging and "making love" can help trigger oxytocin.

Novelty triggers attraction, so nerve-racking activities like riding a roller coaster are good dates.

[edit]

Companionate vs. passionate

The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate). Companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

 

[edit]

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

It has been suggested that triangular theory of love be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

In psychologist Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by three elements: intimacy, passion and commitment. Each of these elements can be present in a relationship, producing the following combinations:

 

Combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment intimacy passion commitment

Liking or friendship x

Infatuation or limerence x

Empty love x

Romantic love x x

Companionate love x x

Fatuous love x x

Consummate love x x x

 

Liking includes only one of the love components - intimacy. In this case, liking is not used in a trivial sense. Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment.

Infatuated love consists solely of passion and is often what is felt as "love at first sight." But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.

Empty love consists of the commitment component without intimacy or passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love. Empty love can also be seen in couples that are estranged but feel that they are bound by commitment.

Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal.

Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain.

Fatuous love has the passion and the commitment components but not the intimacy component. This type of love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy.

Consummate love is the only type of love that includes all three components--intimacy, passion and commitment. Consummate love is the most complete form of love, and it represents the ideal love relationship for which many people strive but which apparently few achieve. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. "Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die." (1987, p.341)

[edit]

Love styles

Susan Hendrick and Clyde Hendrick developed a Loves Attitude Scale based on John Alan Lee's theory called Love styles. Lee identified six basic theories that people use in their interpersonal relationships:

 

Eros (romantic love) — a passionate physical love based on physical appearance and beauty.

Ludus (game playing)— love is played as a game; love is playful; often involves little or no commitment and thrives on "conquests".

Storge (companionate love) — an affectionate love that slowly develops, based on similarity and friendship.

Pragma (pragmatic love) — inclination to select a partner based on practical and rational criteria where both will benefit from the partnership.

Mania (possessive love) — highly emotional love; unstable; the stereotype of romantic love; its characteristics include jealousy and conflict.

Agapē (altruistic love) — selfless altruistic love; spiritual

The Hendricks found men tend to be more ludic and manic, whereas women tend to be storgic and pragmatic. Relationships based on similar love styles were found to last longer.

 

[edit]

Phases

Helen Fisher suggests three main phases of love: lust, attraction, and attachment. Generally love will start off in the lust phase, strong in passion but weak in the other elements. The primary motivator at this stage is the basic sexual instinct. Appearance, smells, and other similar factors play a decisive role in screening potential mates. However, as time passes, the other elements may grow and passion may shrink — this depends upon the individual. So what starts as infatuation or empty love may well develop into one of the fuller types of love. At the attraction stage the person concentrates their affection on a single mate and fidelity becomes important.

 

Likewise, when a person has known a loved one for a long time, they develop a deeper attachment to their partner. According to current scientific understanding of love, this transition from the attraction to the attachment phase usually happens in about 30 months. After that time, the passion fades, changing love from consummate to companionate, or from romantic love to liking.

 

 

'Sacred Love versus Profane Love' by Giovanni Baglione[edit]

Cultural views

[edit]

Chinese

In contemporary Chinese language and culture, several terms or root words are used for the concept of "love":

 

Ai (愛) is used as a verb (e.g. Wo ai ni, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in aiqing (愛情), "love" or "romance." In mainland China since 1949, airen (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many on Taiwan.

Lian (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, tan lian'ai—also containing ai), "lover" (戀人, lianren) or "homosexuality" (同性戀, tongxinglian).

Qing (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. It is contained in the word aiqing (愛情); qingren (情人) is a term for "lover".

In Confucianism, lian is a virtuous benevolent love. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. The Chinese philosopher Mozi developed the concept of ai (愛) in reaction to Confucian lian. Ai, in Mohism, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to ai. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian lian is how most Chinese conceive of love.

 

Gănqíng (感情), the feeling of a relationship. A person will express love by building good gănqíng, accomplished through helping or working for another. Emotional attachment toward another person or anything.

 

Yuanfen (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent strong yuanfen. It is very similar to serendipity. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny".

 

Zaolian (Simplified: 早恋, Traditional: 早戀, pinyin: zǎoliàn), literally, "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. Zaolian describes both relationships among a teenaged boyfriend and girlfriend, as well as the "crushes" of early adolescence or childhood. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture that due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for success in the future. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents.

 

[edit]

Japanese

In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment.

 

Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence", is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some sociologists (most notably, Takeo Doi) have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.

 

Linguistically, the two most common words for love are ai （愛）and koi (恋). Generally speaking, most forms of non-romantic love are expressed using the former, while romantic love is expressed using the latter. "Parental love", for example, is oya no ai (親の愛), while "to be in love with" is koi suru (恋する). There are of course exceptions. The word aijin (愛人) means "lover" and implies an illicit, often extra-marital relationship, whereas koibito (恋人) has the connotation of "boyfriend", "girlfriend", or "partner".

 

In everyday conversation, however, ai (愛) and koi (恋) are rarely used. Rather than using ai shiteiru (愛している) or koi shiteiru (恋している) to say "I love you", for example, most Japanese would say suki desu (好きです), which literally means "I like you" -- suki (好き) being the same word used to express preferences for food, music, etc., as in sushi ga suki desu (寿司が好きです), or "I like sushi." Rather than diluting the sentiment, however, the implied meaning of "love" is understood.

 

[edit]

Ancient Greek

Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word love is used. For example, ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge and xenia. However, with Greek as with many other languages, it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time the ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo being used with the same meaning as phileo.

 

Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure", ideal type of love rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul".

 

Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body".

 

Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship.

 

Storge (στοργή storgē) means affection in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

 

Xenia (ξενία philoxenía), means hospitality in modern Greek, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and their guest, who could previously be strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was only expected to repay with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology, in particular Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

 

[edit]

Latin

The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word 'love'.

 

Amare is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense, as well as in a Romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans, a lover, amator, 'professional lover', often with the accessory notion of lechery, and amica, 'girlfriend' in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor, which is also used in the plural form to indicate 'love affairs' or 'sexual adventures'. This same root also produces amicus, 'friend', and amicitia, 'friendship' (often based on mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to 'indebtedness' or 'influence'). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia) which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Lovers), which addresses in depth everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.

 

Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses amare where English would simply say to like; this notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectare, which are used more colloquially, and the latter of which is used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus.

 

Diligere often has the notion 'to be affectionate for', 'to esteem', and rarely if ever is used of romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning 'diligence' 'carefulness' and has little semantic overlap with the verb.

 

Observare is a synonym for 'diligere'; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun 'observantia' often denote 'esteem' or 'affection'.

 

Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean 'charitable love'. This meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.

 

[edit]

Indonesian and Malaysian

In Indonesian and Malaysian linguistics perspective, love can be defined in several ways:

 

Cinta is a word that defines lust or love that involves physical attraction.

 

Jatuh cinta literally means falling in love: the initial action that triggers love.

 

Sayang is a word to express unconditional love, but also to express deep regret in losing something.

 

[edit]

Religious views

[edit]

Buddhist

In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish.

 

Karunā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom, and is necessary for enlightenment.

 

Advesa and maitrī are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from the ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex, which rarely occur without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.

 

The Bodhisattva ideal in Tibetan Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish love for others.

 

[edit]

Christian

"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres."

—1 Corinthians 13:4-7

There are several Greek words for Love that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.

 

Agape - In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love seen as creating goodness in the world, it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.

Phileo - Also used in the New Testament, Phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love".

Two other words for love in the Greek language -- Eros (sexual love) and storge (needy child-to parent love) were never used in the New Testament.

C.S. Lewis, an influential Christian theologian, wrote a book called The Four Loves.

 

Christians believe that to love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbour as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of God, according to Jesus). See The Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28-34). Saint Augustine summarised this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt". Saint Paul glorified agape love as the most important virtue of all in 1 Corinthians, chapter 13. Attempting to define it he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails."(NIV 13:4-8)

 

Christians also believe that God felt so much agape love for man that he sacrificed his son for them. John the Apostle wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but the save the world through him." (NIV John 3:16-17)

 

Many Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their relationships.

 

[edit]

Hindu

In Hinduism kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kama. For many Hindu schools it is the third end in life .

 

In contrast to kāma, prema or prem refers to elevated love.

 

Karuna is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others.

 

Bhakti is a Sanskrit term from Hinduism meaning 'loving devotion to the supreme God'. A person who practices bhakti is called bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of devotion that they call bhakti, for example in the Bhagavatha-Purana and according to Tulsidas. The booklet Narada bhakti sutra written by an unknown author distinguishes eleven forms of love.

 

[edit]

Islamic

In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood which applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud or 'the Loving One', which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness". In Islam, love is more often than not used as an incentive for sinners to aspire to be as worthy of God's love as they may. One still has God's love, but how the person evaluates his own worth is to his own and God's own counsel. All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself.

 

Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is oftentimes referred to as the religion of Love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through Love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace.

 

[edit]

Jewish

"And you shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might."

—Deuteronomy 6:5

In Hebrew Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God. Other related but dissimilar terms are Chen (grace) and Hesed, which basically combines the meaning of "affection" and "compassion" and is sometimes rendered in English as "loving-kindness".

 

Judaism employs a wide definition of love, both between people and between man and the Deity. As for the former, the Torah states: "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). As for the latter, one is commanded to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5), taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all one's possessions and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs how this love can be developed, e.g. by contemplating Divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.

 

As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The Biblical book Song of Songs is a considered a romantically-phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading reads like a love song.

 

The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point-of-view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, vol. I). Romantic love per se has few echoes in Jewish literature, although the medieval rabbi Judah Halevi wrote romantic poetry in Arabic in his younger years (he appears to have regretted this later).

 

[edit]

Mythological

Different cultures have deified love, typically in both male and female form. Here is a list of the gods and goddesses of love in different mythologies.

 

Áine — goddess of fertility and passionate love in Irish mythology

Amor or Cupid — god of passionate love in Roman mythology

Aonghus or Aengus— god of beauty, youth, and sensual love in Irish mythology

Aphrodite — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Greek mythology

Astarte — goddess of love in Canaanite mythogy

Eros — god of passionate love in Greek mythology

Freya — goddess in Norse mythology

Inanna — goddess of love and war in Sumerian mythology

Ishtar — goddess of love and war in Babylonian mythology

Kama — god of sensual love in Hindu mythology

Rati — goddess of passionate love in Hindu mythology

Venus — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Roman mythology

Xochipilli — god in Aztec mythology

[edit]

Theological

Even though in monotheistic religions, the God is considered to represent love, there are often angels or similar beings that represent love as well.

 

Haniel — Angel of Venus, and of eros, in Judeo-Christian theology.

Raphael — Angel of love(agape) in Judeo-Christian theology.

Mihr — angel of love in Persian mythology

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

Coldplay

Ga naar: navigatie, zoek

Coldplay

Jaren actief sinds 1997

Genre(s) post-Britpop, Alternative rock

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Leden Chris Martin (zang, piano en gitaar), Jon Buckland (leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums)

Coldplay is een Britse band. De leden zijn Chris Martin, Jon Buckland, Will Champion en Guy Berryman. De band lijkt beïnvloed te zijn door Radiohead. Tegenwoordig worden ze ook vaak vergeleken met U2.

 

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Biografie

2 Discografie

2.1 Albums

2.2 Singles

2.3 Dvd

3 Externe links

 

 

 

[bewerk]

Biografie

In 1996 is de band opgericht op de universiteit van Londen, wanneer vier studenten besluiten een band op te richten. De band begon onder de naam Starfish maar die naam werd al snel veranderd in Coldplay. De naam Coldplay is overgenomen van een bevriend bandje wat onder die naam optrad. De originele band Coldplay had de naam uit de gedichtenbundel "Child's Reflections, Cold Play" van de dichter Philip Horky.

 

Al kort na hun ontmoeting op de Londense universiteit raken de vier studenten bevriend en delen hun passie voor muziek. De band die ontstaat heeft de volgende leden: Chris Martin (tekstschrijver, zang, piano, gitaar), Jon Buckland (tekstschrijver, leadgitaar), Guy Berryman (basgitaar) en Will Champion (drums, nadat hij de gitaar daarvoor had ingeruild).

 

In 1998 wordt een EP met drie tracks uitgebracht in een oplage van maar liefst 500 exemplaren... Hierdoor werden ze dat jaar uitgenodigd voor een optreden op het “In the city”-festival van Manchester. Daar werden ze gescout door een platenmaatschappij die hen vervolgens aanbied een single uit te brengen. De eerste single van Coldplay is Brothers & Sisters (1999) op het Fierce Panda label. Deze single bereikte nummer 92 in de Engelse hitlijsten. Daarna gaat het hard met de band. Ze worden ontdekt door een grote platenmaatschappij en in 2000 wordt het album Parachutes uitgebracht met onder andere de singles Yellow, Trouble en Don't Panic. In 2002 volgt het album A rush of blood to the head, waarvan de single Clocks uit 2003 de definitieve doorbraak van Coldplay betekent bij het grote publiek. Door hun diepgaande songteksten zoals in "The Scientist", hun melancholische sound en door het emotionele stemgeluid van zanger Chris Martin heeft Coldplay nu vele fans. Door hun uitgebreide steun aan organisaties als Make trade fair toont Coldplay hun maatschappelijke betrokkenheid.

 

Op 6 juni 2005 is het nieuwe album van ‘’Coldplay’’ verschenen: X&Y, dat gelijk de eerste plaats in de Nederlandse hitlijsten bezette. Op 7 juli 2005 gaf Coldplay een uitverkocht concert in het Gelredome in Arnhem als onderdeel van hun Twisted Logic tour. Van X&Y zijn de singles Speed of sound (#6), Fix you (# tip) en Talk (#1) inmiddels verschenen.

 

 

Inmiddels heeft ‘’Coldplay’’ een prijzenkast met 4 Grammy Awards, 4 Brit Award en de nodige gouden en platina albums en singles. De teller voor de wereldwijde verkoop van hun albums staat inmiddels boven de 17 miljoen .

 

[bewerk]

Discografie

[bewerk]

Albums

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Blue room (EP)

Parachutes ??-??-2000 29-06-2002

A rush of blood to the head 13-12-2004 04-01-2003

X&Y 06-06-2005 11-06-2005 1 *29

 

*Unauthorized: Blue eyes : Live-opname van enkele nummers van Parachutes en A rush of blood to the head

 

[bewerk]

Singles

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Brothers & Sisters 26-04-1999

Yellow 12-8-2000 tip

Trouble 11-11-2000 38 2

Don't panic 21-4-2001 tip

In my place 27-7-2002 tip

The scientist 2-11-2002 tip

Clocks 12-4-2003 2 17

God put a smile upon your face 2-8-2003 38 2

Speed of sound 7-5-2005 6 17

Fix you 3-9-2005 tip

Talk 10-12-2005 1 *10

[bewerk]

Dvd

Live 2003 (2003)

[bewerk]

Externe links

Coldplay officiële site

Coldplay Startpagina

Nederlandse Coldplay Fansite

Belgische Coldplay Fansite

Coldplayzone.it - Italian site

 

Categorieën: Popmuziek | Rockband | Britse band

 

If you quote someone else's massive post, does that give you lots of bling? :huh: :sneaky:

doh! thought I was on to something then! :embarrased: :lol: :lol:

God I'm a dumbass!

Passion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article describes the Christian Passion. For other meanings, see passion (disambiguation).

Major events in Jesus' life in the Gospels

Nativity

Childhood

Baptism

Temptation

Sermon on the Mount

Transfiguration

Last Supper

Passion

Crucifixion

Hell

Resurrection

Ascension

 

The Passion is the technical term for the suffering and Agony of Jesus that led directly to the Crucifixion, a central Christian event. The "Passion narratives" tell this story in the Gospels. The etymological origins of this meaning of the word lie in the Latin passio that first appears in the 2nd century, precisely to describe the travails and suffering of Jesus in this present context. All the other meanings of "passion" have been derived from this one.

Contents [hide]

1 "Passion" narratives

2 Instruments of the Passion

3 Stations of the Cross

4 Musical settings of Gospel narratives

5 Passion plays

6 External link

 

[edit]

 

"Passion" narratives

 

The canonical narratives of the Passion are found in the synoptic gospels and in the Gospel of John.

 

Further details concerning the Passion are revealed in some non-canonical early writings. A detailed account of what transpired between Christ's death on the Cross and the Resurrection is also in the Gospel of Peter, but was declared to be apt to lead readers into Docetism and was not accepted into the canon

[edit]

 

Instruments of the Passion

 

In Christian symbolism the Instruments of the Passion are the objects associated with Jesus' Passion. Each of the Instruments have become an object of veneration among many Christians and have been pictured in icons and supposedly recovered as relics. The Instruments of the Passion are:

The Pillar or column where Jesus was whipped, in the episode of the Flagellation.

The Whips that were used.

The Crown of Thorns.

The Cross on which he was crucified. See also the True Cross.

The Titulus Crucis, attached to the Cross, inscribed "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum"

The Nails, inflicting four wounds.

The Holy Lance by which a Roman soldier inflicted the final of the Five Wounds in his side.

The Holy Grail, the Chalice that caught his blood and which was used by Jesus at The Last Supper.

[edit]

 

Stations of the Cross

 

In the Catholic Church, the Passion story is depicted in the Stations of the Cross (via crucis, also translated more literally as "Way of the Cross").

[edit]

 

Musical settings of Gospel narratives

 

The reading of the Passion during Holy Week dates back to the 4th century. It began to be intoned (rather than just spoken) in the Middle Ages, at least as early at the 8th century. 9th-century manuscripts have "litterae significativae" indicating interpretive chant, and later manuscript begin to specify exact notes to be sung. By the 1200s different singers were used for different characters in the narrative, a practice which became fairly universal by the 15th century, when polyphonic settings of the turba passages began to appear also. (Turba, while literally meaning "crowd," is used in this case to mean any passage in which more than one speaker speaks simultaneously.)

 

In the later 15th century a number of new styles began to emerge:

Responsorial Passions set all of Christ's words and the turba parts polyphonically

Through-composed Passions were entirely polyphonic (also called motet Passions). Jacob Obrecht wrote the earliest extant example of this type.

Summa Passionis settings were a synopsis of all four Gospels, including the Seven Last Words (a text later set by Haydn and Théodore Dubois). These were discouraged for church use but circulated widely nonetheless.

 

In the 16th century settings like these, and further developments, were created for the Catholic church by Victoria, William Byrd, Jacobus Gallus, Francisco Guerrero, Orlando di Lasso, and Cypriano de Rore.

 

Martin Luther wrote, "The Passion of Christ should not be acted out in words and pretense, but in real life." Despite this, sung Passion performances were common in Lutheran churches right from the start, in both Latin and German, beginning as early as Laetare Sunday (three weeks before Easter) and continuing through Holy Week. Luther’s friend and collaborator Johann Walther wrote responsorial Passions which were used as models by Lutheran composers for centuries, and “summa Passionis” versions continued to circulate, despite Luther’s express disapproval. Later 16th-century passions included choral “exordium” (introduction) and “conclusio” sections with additional texts. In the 17th century came the development of “oratorio” passions which led to J.S. Bach’s passions, accompanied by instruments, with interpolated texts (then called “madrigal” movements) such as sinfonias, other Scripture passages, Latin motets, chorale arias, and more. Such settings were created by Bartholomeus Gesius and Heinrich Schütz. Thomas Strutz wrote a passion (1664) with arias for Jesus himself, pointing to the standard oratorio tradition of Schütz, Carissimi, and (later) Handel, although these composers seem to have thought that putting words in Jesus’ mouth was beyond the pale. The practice of using recitative for the Evangelist (rather than plainsong) was a development of court composers in northern Germany and only crept into church compositions at the end of the 17th century.

 

The best known Protestant musical settings of the Passion are by Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote two Passions which have survived intact to the present day, one based on the Gospel of John (the St. John Passion), the other on the Gospel of Matthew (the St. Matthew Passion). In more recent times, the 20th century Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki has written a St. Luke Passion, based on the Gospel of Luke.

 

A relative of the musical Passion is the custom of setting the text of Stabat Mater to music.

[edit]

 

Passion plays

 

Non-musical settings of the Passion story are generally called Passion plays. One famous cycle is performed at intervals at Oberammergau. The Passion figures among the scenes in the English mystery plays in more than one cycle of dramatic vignettes. There have also been a number of films telling the passion story, with a prominent recent example being The Passion of the Christ.

[edit]

 

External link

"Why is it called the Passion?"

 

Categories: Christian art | Jesus

Article Discussion Edit this page History

Hate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about an emotion. For other uses, see Hate (disambiguation).

Emotions

 

Acceptance

Anger

Anticipation

Boredom

Disgust

Envy

Fear

Guilt

Hate

Hope

Joy

Jealousy

Love

Regret

Remorse

Sadness

Shame Sorrow

Surprise

 

 

Hate or hatred is an emotion of intense revulsion, distaste, enmity, or antipathy for a person, thing, or phenomenon; a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy its object. The emotion is often stigmatized; yet it serves an important purpose, as does love. Just as love signals attachment, hatred signals detachment.

 

Hatred can be based on fear of its object, justified or unjustified, or past negative consequences of dealing with that object. Hatred is often described as the opposite of love or friendship; others, such as Elie Wiesel, consider the opposite of love to be indifference. See love-hate relationship.

 

Often "hate" is used casually to describe things one merely dislikes, such as a particular style of architecture, a certain climate, a movie, one's job, or some particular food.

 

"Hate" or "hatred" is also used to describe feelings of prejudice, bigotry or condemnation (see shunning) against a person, or a group of people, such as racism, and intense religious or political prejudice. The term hate crime is used to designate crimes committed out of hatred in this sense.

 

Sometimes people, when harmed by a member of an ethnic or religious group, will come to hate that entire group. The opposite situation occurs too, where an entire group hates a single person (see shunning). Some consider this to be socially unacceptable--Western culture, for example, frowns on collective punishment and insists that people be treated as individuals rather than members of groups. Others view such generalizing behavior as rational and indeed, necessary in order to ensure group survival in the face of competing groups or individuals who often have differing points of view.

 

Hate is often a precursor to violence. Before a war, a populace is sometimes trained via political propaganda to hate some nation or political regime. Hatred remains a major motive behind armed conflicts such as war and terrorism. Hate is not necessarily logical and it can be counterproductive and self-perpetuating.

[edit]

 

See also

 

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Hate

 

Look up Hate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Hate group, a group or movement that advocates hate, hostility or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, religion, or other sector of society

Shunning, by a church or mind control group that uses (covert) hate against excommunicated and condemned former members.

Hate crime

[edit]

 

External links

Survivor bashing - bias motivated hate crimes

 

Categories: Emotion | Core issues in ethics

Article Discussion Edit this page History

Ghent

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This page is about the Belgian city. For other places called Ghent, see Ghent (disambiguation).

Ghent

Province: East Flanders

District: Ghent

Area: 156.18 km²

Population: 230.951 (2005)

Population density: 1478.74 /km²

 

Ghent (Gent in Dutch, Gand in French, formerly Gaunt in English) is a city located in Flanders, Belgium. It is the capital and biggest city of the East Flanders Province. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Lys and became in the Middle Ages one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe. Today it is a busy city with a large harbour and University. The city is connected to the sea by the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, it lies at the intersection of the European highways E17 and E40 and it has one of the busiest railway stations in Belgium.

 

The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the towns of Afsnee, Desteldonk, Drongen, Gentbrugge, Ledeberg, Mariakerke, Mendonk, Oostakker, Sint-Amandsberg, Sint-Denijs-Westrem, Sint-Kruis-Winkel, Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde. With around 230 000 inhabitants Ghent is Belgium's second largest municipality and the country's third largest conurbation. The current major, Frank Beke, leads a coalition of the SP.a and VLD.

 

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 Tourism

2.1 Architecture

2.2 Restaurants

2.3 Festivities

2.4 Museums

3 Economy

4 Famous people

5 See also

6 External links

7 References

 

 

 

[edit]

History

 

Ghent in 1775Archeologic evidence shows human presence in the region of the confluence of Scheldt and Lys going back as far as the Stone Age and the Iron Age[1]. Most historians believe that the older name for Ghent, 'Ganda' is derived from the Celtic word 'ganda' which means confluence[1]. There are no written records of the Roman period but archeological research confirms that the region of Ghent was further inhabited.

 

When the Franks invaded the Roman territories (from the end of the 4th century and well into the 5th century) they brought their language with them and Celtic and Latin were replaced by (ancient) Dutch.

 

Around 650 Saint Amand founded two abbeys in Ghent the Saint Peter Abbeye and the Saint Bavo Abbeye. The city grew from several nuclei, the abbeys and a commercial centre. Around 800 Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, appointed Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, as abbot of both abbeys. In 851 and 879 the city was however attacked and plundered twice by the vikings.

 

 

Belfry of Ghent. Behind it the Saint Nicholas church is visible.The city recovered and flourished from the 11th century on. Until the 13th century Ghent was the biggest city in Europe after Paris; it was bigger than London, Cologne or Moscow. Within the city walls lived up to 65.000 people. Today, the center of the city still has several large towers, the belfry and the towers of the Cathedral and Sint-Niklaas Church are just a few examples of what could be called the 'Manhattan of the Middle Ages'.

 

The rivers flowed in an area where a lot of land was periodically inundated. These richly grassed 'meersen' ("water-meadows": a word related to the English 'marsh', but not meaning exactly the same, a 'meers' is not permanently under water) were ideally suited for herding sheep, the wool of which was used for making cloth. In fact, Ghent was during the middle ages the most important city for cloth.

 

Ghent was a city where the wool-industry originally established at Bruges (Brugge) created the first European industrialized zone in the High Middle Ages; the mercantile zone was so highly-developed that wool had to be imported from England. This was one of the reasons for Flanders' good relationship with England. Ghent was the birthplace of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. The trade with England suffered a lot in the hundred years war and in the 15th century other cities like Antwerp took over in economic prosperity.

 

In 1500 Juana of Castile gave birth to Charles V, who became Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Although native to Ghent, he punished the city's rebellion severely in 1540 and obliged them to walk in front of the emperor barefoot with a noose (Dutch: strop) around the neck. Since this incident the people of Ghent are called "Stroppendragers" (noose bearers).

 

The late 16th and the 17th century brought a lot of troubles because of the Religious wars. At one time Ghent was a calvinistic city, but eventually the Spanish army reinstated catholicism.

 

In the 18th and 19th century Ghent the textile industry flourished again in Ghent. Lieven Bauwens introduced the first mechanical weaving machine on the European continent, of which he smuggled the plans out of England.

 

Ghent was also the site of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which formally ended the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States of America. After the battle of Waterloo Ghent made part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands for 15 years. In this period Ghent got its own university (1817) and a new connection to the sea (1824–27).

 

After the Belgian Revolution, the first Belgian trade-union originated in Ghent. In 1913 there was a World exhibition in Ghent. As a preparation for these festivities the Sint-Pieters railway station, was completed in 1912.

 

[edit]

Tourism

 

[edit]

Architecture

Much of the city's medieval architecture remains intact and is remarkably well preserved and restored. Its center is the largest carfree area in Belgium. Interesting highlights are the Saint Bavo Cathedral with the Ghent Altarpiece, the belfry, the Gravensteen castle, and the splendid architecture along the old Graslei harbour. Ghent established a nice blend between comfort of living and history - it is not a city-museum. The city of Ghent houses also three béguinages and numerous churches, among which the Saint-Jacobs church and the Saint-Nicolas Church are the most beautiful examples. There is an opera house and a few theatres. Highlights of modern architecture are the University buildings (the "Boekentoren" or Book Tower) by Henry Van de Velde.

 

[edit]

Restaurants

As most Belgian cities, Ghent offers a rich variety of local and foreign cuisine. Especially the quarter called "Patershol" has a concentration of restaurants. The "Sleepstraat" a little bit further north houses a bunch of Turkish restos and food bars.

 

[edit]

Festivities

The city is host to some big cultural events such as the Gentse Feesten, I Love Techno, Flanders International Film Festival Ghent and Festival van Vlaanderen. Night bus services (weekends only) are free of charge.

 

[edit]

Museums

Important museums in Ghent are the Museum voor Schone Kunsten (Museum of Fine Arts), with paintings by Hieronymus Bosch, Jean Fouquet, and many Flemish masters; the SMAK or Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (City Museum for Contemporary Art), with works of the 20th century, including Joseph Beuys and Panamarenko; and the Designmuseum. The Huis van Alijn (House of the Alijn family) was originally a beguinage and is now a museum for folk art. This museum often presents theatre and puppet shows for children. There is also a museum presenting the industrial strength of Ghent, the Museum voor Industriële Archeologie en Textiel or MIAT. Here you can find recreations of workshops and stores from the 1800s and can see the spinning and weaving machines that remain in this building what was once a weaving mill.

 

[edit]

Economy

Ghent has in the north of the city the third largest harbour of Belgium, which is accessed by the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, which ends near the Dutch port of Terneuzen on the Western Scheldt. The harbour house, among others, big companies like Sidmar, Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Parts, Honda, Stora Enso.

 

The Ghent University any group of reasearch oriened companies are situated in the centre and southern part.

 

As the biggest city of East-Flanders, Ghent has many hospitals, schools and shopping streets.

 

More and more tourism becomes a major segment of employment.

 

[edit]

Famous people

 

Statue of Jacob van Artevelde on the Friday market in GhentFamous people that were born or lived in Ghent include

 

John of Gaunt

Leo Baekeland

Lieven Bauwens

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Johan Daisne

Einhard

Jan Hoet

Victor Horta

Maurice Maeterlinck

Richard Minne

Gerard Mortier

Jacques Rogge

Jodocus Hondius

Joseph Plateau

Jacob van Artevelde

Frits van den Berghe

Hugo van der Goes

 

:cool: :cool: :cool: :cool:

 

Ghent (Gent in Dutch, Gand in French, formerly Gaunt in English) is a city located in Flanders, Belgium. It is the capital and biggest city of the East Flanders Province. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Lys and became in the Middle Ages one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe. Today it is a busy city with a large harbour and University. The city is connected to the sea by the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, it lies at the intersection of the European highways E17 and E40 and it has one of the busiest railway stations in Belgium.

 

Mariakerke

 

 

 

:cool:

Fix You

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Jump to: navigation, search

"Fix You"

 

Single by Coldplay

from the album X&Y

Released September 5, 2005

Format 7", CD, 10", 12"

Recorded ?

Genre Alternative

Length 4:09 (Edit)

4:37 (Video Edit)

Label Parlophone

Writer(s)

Producer(s) Coldplay, Ken Nelson

Certification {{{Certification}}}

Chart positions

#4 (UK Singles Chart)

#59 (US Billboard Hot 100)

#20 (US Modern Rock Tracks)

#4 (Canada)

 

Coldplay singles chronology

"Speed of Sound"

(2005) "Fix You"

(2005) "Talk"

(2005)

"Fix You" is the second single from Coldplay's third album, X&Y. It was released on September 5, 2005 to avoid competing against Oasis' "The Importance of Being Idle" (released August 22) on the UK Singles Chart. [1]

 

When writing the song, Chris Martin was influenced by Muse's use of a church organ on the track "Megalomania" from their album Origin of Symmetry. To replicate that sound, Martin used an old keyboard that his late father-in-law (Bruce Paltrow) gave to his wife Gwyneth Paltrow. [2] However, in other instances Martin has claimed that "Fix You" is a copy of Elbow's 2003 anthem "Grace Under Pressure". [3]

 

The song is the only song by the band in which all four members of the band sing simultaneously.

 

The song was supported by 60 alternative rock radio stations in the United States, including WNNX (Atlanta), KNDD (Seattle), WAVF (Charleston), XTRA (San Diego), and WFNX (Boston). The song was also played on the popular television programme The O.C., and it was performed by the band at Saturday Night Live and Live 8.

 

The song debuted on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart on August 28, 2005. It reached #18 on the chart. "Fix You" also reached #52 on the Billboard Pop 100, #38 on the Adult Top 40, and #29 on the Hot Digital Songs chart.

 

On September 14, Coldplay released the Fix You EP on the iTunes Music Store. All of the sales will go to the American Red Cross Hurricane 2005 Relief and the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences’ MusiCares Hurricane Relief Fund. iTunes Link This song was also played on Shelter from the Storm. It has also became a tribute song for the victims and eventually became the anthem for the event.

 

A portion of this song was featured on TV Spots ("Alone" and 'Epic") of Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong and was used as a promotional tool to attract younger audiences. However, the song was not featured in the final film nor the original soundtrack.

 

Note: This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions.

 

Contents [hide]

1 Track listings

1.1 In the UK

1.2 In Europe

1.3 In Australia

1.4 In Japan

1.5 iTunes EP

2 Music video

 

 

 

[edit]

Track listings

[edit]

In the UK

7" R6671, 10" 10R66771, 12" 12R6671

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

Enhanced CD CDRS6671

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

"Pour Me" (Live at the Hollywood Bowl)

"Fix You" (video)

[edit]

In Europe

CD

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

[edit]

In Australia

CD 3410002 released September 12, 2005 by Capitol Records

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

"Pour Me" (Live at the Hollywood Bowl)

[edit]

In Japan

CD TOCP-40184 released September 14, 2005 by Toshiba-EMI

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

[edit]

iTunes EP

"Fix You" (edit)

"The World Turned Upside Down"

"Pour Me" (Live at the Hollywood Bowl)

"Fix You" (live)

[edit]

Music video

 

The band performing "Fix You"The music video for "Fix You" was shot at the end of two concerts on July 4 and July 5, 2005 at Reebok Stadium in Bolton, England. The concertgoers doubled as extras for the video shoot, which required two takes on each day to complete. [4]

 

In the first half of the video, Chris Martin wanders the streets of London, while the slogan "Make Trade Fair" is projected onto the National Film Theatre, using the same ITA2 colour scheme on the cover of X&Y. As soon as the guitar kicks in, Chris darts through streets corners at lightning speeds until finally reaching the Reebok Stadium, where he joins the rest of the band for the song's finale.

 

Rumours in the USA suggesting that, given the location of some of the footage, the video was a tribute following the 7 July 2005 London bombings are untrue. The video was filmed before July 2005.

 

:D :D :D :D :D :D :D :D :D :D

Limp Bizkit

 

Limp Bizkit is een Amerikaanse nu-metalgroep. Het is een zeer energierijke groep door het samenbrengen van metal, punk en hiphop, wat leidt tot een stijl die soms ook rap metal wordt genoemd.

 

Limp Bizkit is in 1994 gevormd in Florida door vocalist Fred Durst en bassist Sam Rivers. Later voegden de neef van Rivers, drummer John Otto en gitarist Wes Borland zich bij de groep. Als laatste kwam de oud-dj van House Of Pain DJ Lethal erbij. In 2002 verliet Wes Borland de groep om eigen projecten (de bands Big Dumb Face en Goatslayer), onder andere met zijn broer, Scott Borland, die op enkele albums van Limp Bizkit het keyboard hanteerde, uit te werken. Borland werd vervangen door Mike Smith. Met deze verandering in bezetting volgde ook een subtiele wijziging in de schrijfwijze van de bandnaam, Limp Bizkit werd Limpbizkit. Inmiddels heeft Smith de band weer verlaten en is Borland terug op het oude nest. Volgens frontman Durst ontbrak de chemie tussen Smith en de rest van de band.

 

Fred Durst staat bekend om zijn rode petje, inmiddels vervangen door een zwarte cap, lijkend op het petje van de alien in het logo van de groep. Wes Borland was bekend om zijn zwartgeverfde gezicht met witte strepen, die daarmee op een doodshoofd leek. Inmiddels is hij volgens eigen zeggen die fase gepasseerd. Samen vormden zij het gezicht van de band.

Inhoud [Niet tonen]

1 Discografie

1.1 Albums

1.2 Singles

2 Externe link

 

[bewerk]

 

Discografie

[bewerk]

 

Albums

 

met hitnoteringen in de Album Top 50/100

Albums met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Album Top 50/100

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Three dollar bill y'all 1997

Significant other 1999

Chocolate starfish and the hotdog flavoured water 2000

New old songs 2001

Results may vary 2003

Unquestionable truth (part 1) 2005 7-5-2005 85 1

[bewerk]

 

Singles

 

met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Singles met hitnoteringen in de Nederlandse Top 40

Titel Datum van

release Datum van

binnenkomst Hoogste

positie Aantal

weken Opmerkingen

Nookie 1999 tip

N 2gether now / Break stuff 2000 25-3-2000 22 9

Take a look around 2000 15-7-2000 8 14

My generation 2000 11-11-2000 12 8

Rollin' 2001 27-1-2001 16 8

My way 2001 16-6-2001 37 3

Boiler 2001 tip

Eat you alive 2003 tip

Behind blue eyes 2003 29-11-2003 4 14

[bewerk]

 

Externe link

Limp Bizkit.com

 

Categorieën: Amerikaanse band | Nu-metal

:lol: :lol: :lol: :lol:

 

Jupiler

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Jupiler is a Belgian beer (pilsener), brewed by InBev, the largest brewery company in the world.

 

It is the most famous and most popular beer in Belgium. However, InBev exports mainly Stella Artois. Its ingredients are malt, maize, water, hop and yeast. It consists of 5.2% ABV. Its name come from the municipality of Jupille where it was first brewed by Brasserie Piedboeuf.

 

Jupiler is also the main sponsor of the highest Belgian football division

:cool: :cool: :cool: :cool: :lol: :lol:

Belgian beer

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Jump to: navigation, search

 

Pierlala beer is one of the artisanal Belgian beersBelgian beer comprises the most varied and numerous collection of beers in the world. Belgian beer-brewing's origins go back to the Middle-Ages, when monasteries began producing beers. Naturally, Belgians claim that theirs are the best beers in the world. This view is supported by beer experts such as Michael Jackson. Although beer production in Belgium is now dominated by Inbev (the world's largest brewer by volume) and Alken Maes, there remain 115 breweries in the country, producing about 500 standard beers. When special one-off beer styles are included, the total number of types of Belgian beer exceeds 1000.

 

These days, Belgian beers are sold in brown (or sometimes dark green) tinted glass bottles (to avoid negative effects of light on the beverage) and sealed with a cork, a metal crown cap, or sometimes both. Some beers are refermented (subjected to a final fermentation phase) in the bottle. These are often labeled "bottle-conditioned." Although many major brands of beer are available at most supermarkets, beverage centers located throughout the country generally offer a far wider selection, albeit at somewhat higher prices.

 

Fortunately, Belgium contains literally thousands of pubs (called cafés in Belgium) in spread throughout the country that offer a wide selection of beers usually served with care. To fully appreciate the wide variety of tastes in Belgian beers, each beer should be served at its "ideal" temperature (which is usually in the range of cellar temperature: 8–15°C or 46–59°F) and in an appropriate glass. The vast majority of Belgian beers are sold only in bottles—tap beers tend mostly to be pilsners and the occasional one-off. For the more adventurous, vintage beers are becoming somewhat easier to find. Beers that are bottle-conditioned and then aged often experience a taste evolution that, when successful, vastly improves the flavor of the beer.

 

Although there are hundreds of beer cafés throughout Belgium, among the most famous are "Beer Circus," "L'atelier," "Moeder Lambic," and "Delirium Café" in Brussels; "de Kulminator" and "Kats" in Antwerp, "De Garre" and "t Brugs Beertje" in Bruges, and "Het waterhuis aan de bierkant", "Hopduvel" and "Trappistenhuis" in Ghent.

 

Virtually each beer has its own glass. Beyond the basic shape of the glass (wide-mouth goblet, curvacious tulip glass, tall pilsener, etc), each glass is imprinted with a logo or name. The different basic shapes are designed to enhance the flavor and aroma of the particular beer.

 

Different bottle sizes exist: 250 ml, 330 ml, 375 ml, 750 ml and multiples of 750. The 375 ml size is usually for lambics. Other beers are generally bottled in 250 or 330 format (depending on brands). The bigger bottles (750 ml) are sold almost in every food shop but the choice is often not wide. Larger size bottles are named following the terminology used for champagne but are quite rare. In Belgian cafés, when someone orders a demi (English: "half"), he receives a 500 ml glass (with beer from the tap, or from 2 bottles of 250 ml) whereas in France, demi means a 250 ml glass.

 

[edit]

Kinds of beers

 

Chimay is one of Belgium's famous Trappist beers

Leffe served in special glassesPilsner-style lager, or Pils: although Belgium is best known internationally for its unique top-fermented beers, it is the common bottom-fermented pilsner lager which heads the lists of both domestic consumption and exports. The most well-known brand internationally is Stella Artois, while Jupiler is the most popular in Belgium, along with Maes pils.

White beers: a particular kind of wheat beer which often contains spices, such as coriander and orange peel. Some classical examples are La Binchoise Blond, Hoegaarden, Brugs and Steendonck.

Abbey beers: these are top-fermented ales which are either associated in some way with an abbey or an imitation of abbey-style brewing. A few of these beers are still produced in abbey breweries to centuries-old recipes, while most are merely licensed by an abbey. The most internationally well-known brand of Abbey beer is Interbrew's Leffe. Others include Grimbergen, Tripel Karmeliet, Maredsous, Watou, Saint-Feuillien, Floreffe, and Val-Dieu.

Dubbel beers: brown beverages brewed with double fermentation (Enghien, Grimbergen).

Tripel beers: blond or sometimes brown, it uses the process of triple fermentation, which makes them strong in alcohol and taste (Sint-Iedesbald, Brugse Tripel).

Quadrupel: Even stronger than a tripel, these add an additional fermentation phase. Rochefort 10 and La Trappe Quadrupel are examples.

Blond beers: like Duvel, Delirium Tremens, Blond Ciney and Brigand.

Brown beers: try Kwak, Brown Ciney or Forbidden Fruit.

Trappist beers: top-fermented ales brewed in a Trappist monastery. For a beer to qualify for this category, the entire production process must be carried out by, or supervised by, Trappist monks on the site of the monastery. Only seven monasteries currently meet this qualification, all of which are in Belgium or the Netherlands. The current Trappist brands are Achel, Chimay, La Trappe, Orval, Rochefort, Westmalle, and Westvleteren.

Lambic Beers (including Gueuze and Fruit Lambics): unique to Belgium and distinguished by their tart taste, Lambics are neither top-fermented nor bottom-fermented, being prepared through spontaneous fermentation by wild yeasts endemic to the vicinity of Brussels. There are various types of Lambics. In its most natural form, Lambic is a draught beer which is rarely bottled, and thus only available in its area of production and one or two cafes in Brussels. Major brands include Mort Subite, Belle Vue, Cantillon and Saint-Louis. Some more mainstream brewers like Mort Subite and St. Louis do not suscribe to the orthodox rules of lambic production, adding extra sugars to sweeten their beers. Gueuze, also known informally as Brussels Champagne, is a sparkling beer produced by combining a young Lambic with more mature vintages. Exponents of this style are Girardin, Oud Beersel, Drie Fontijnen, Cantillon and Boon. Fruit beers are made by adding fruit or fruit concentrate to Lambic beer. The most common type is Kriek (made with cherries). Other fruits used are raspberry (Framboos), peach and blackcurrant.

'Belgian Red': typified by Rodenbach, the epynomous brand that started this type over a century ago, this beer's distinguishing features from a technical viewpoint are a specially roasted malt, fermentation by a mixture of several 'ordinary' high-fermenting yeasts and a lactobacillus culture (the same type of bacteria yoghurt is made with) and maturation in oak. The result is a mildly strong 'drinking' beer with a deep reddish-brown color and a distinctly acidic yet fruity and mouthy taste.

Amber beers. Modifications of British-style ales (hence high-fermenting) that were developed in the first half of the twentieth century to accommodate the discerning Belgian taste. The undisputed market leader Palm has an extremely mouthy, almost gluey taste. The De Koninck brand with its distinctive spherical glasses ('bollekes') is wildly popular in its native city Antwerp, being one of the many sources of pride to her notoriously chauvinistic locals.

Ancient heritage, modern society

 

Lake Mungo, south-west New South Wales: Australian scientists have discovered skeletal remains possibly as old as 60 000 years

Before the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples inhabited most areas of the Australian continent. Each people spoke one or more of hundreds of separate languages, with lifestyles and cultural traditions that differed according to the region in which they lived. Their complex social systems and highly developed traditions reflect a deep connection with the land and environment.

 

Asian and Oceanic mariners and traders were in contact with Indigenous Australians for many centuries before the European expansion into the Eastern Hemisphere. Some formed substantial relationships with communities in northern Australia.

 

European settlement

 

The Penitentiary, Port Arthur, Tasmania: some 12 500 convicts served sentences at Port Arthur between 1830 and 1877. Today the site of the penal settlement, with its well-preserved historic buildings, is one of Tasmania’s prime tourist attractions.

Peter Luxton/Tourism Tasmania

The first recorded European contact with Australia was in March 1606, when Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon (c.1570 - 1630) charted the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Later that year, the Spanish explorer Luis Vaez de Torres sailed through the strait separating Australia and Papua New Guinea. Over the next two centuries, European explorers and traders continued to chart the coastline of Australia, then known as New Holland. In 1688, William Dampier became the first British explorer to land on the Australian coast. It was not until 1770 that another Englishman, Captain James Cook, aboard the Endeavour, extended a scientific voyage to the South Pacific in order to further chart the east coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown.

 

Britain decided to use its new outpost as a penal colony; the First Fleet of 11 ships carried about 1500 people—half of them convicts. The fleet arrived in Sydney Harbour on 26 January 1788, and it is on this day every year that Australia Day is celebrated.

 

In all, about 160 000 men and women were brought to Australia as convicts from 1788 until penal transportation ended in 1868. The convicts were joined by free immigrants from the early 1790s. The wool industry and the gold rushes of the 1850s provided an impetus for free settlers to come to Australia.

 

Scarcity of labour, the vastness of the land and new wealth based on farming, mining and trade made Australia a land of opportunity. Yet during this period, Indigenous Australians suffered enormously. Death, illness, displacement and dispossession disrupted traditional lifestyles and practices.

 

A nation is born

The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 through the federation of six states under a single constitution. The non-Indigenous population at the time of Federation was 3.8 million. Half of these lived in cities, three-quarters were born in Australia, and the majority were of English, Scottish or Irish descent.

 

The founders of the new nation believed they were creating something new and were concerned to avoid the pitfalls of the old world. They wanted Australia to be harmonious, united and egalitarian, and had progressive ideas about human rights, the observance of democratic procedures and the value of a secret ballot.

 

While one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Parliament was to pass the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which restricted migration to people of primarily European origin, this was dismantled after the Second World War. Today Australia has a global, non-discriminatory policy and is home to people from more than 200 countries.

 

From 1900 to 1914 great progress was made in developing Australia’s agricultural and manufacturing capacities, and in setting up institutions for government and social services.

 

The impact of war

The First World War had a devastating impact on Australia. In 1914 the male population of Australia was less than 3 million, yet almost 400 000 of them volunteered to fight in the war. As many as 60 000 died and tens of thousands more were wounded.

 

Out of this experience was born one of Australia’s most enduring values: the ‘Anzac’ ethos of courage and spirit. Every year on 25 April, Australia commemorates the brave but devastating battle fought by the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps—Anzacs—at Gallipoli, Turkey, in 1915. The day also commemorates all Australian soldiers who have fought in wars since then.

 

‘In the end ANZAC stood and still stands for reckless valour in a good cause, for enterprise, resourcefulness, fidelity, comradeship and endurance that will never admit defeat.’

—Charles Bean, historian of the First World War

 

The period between the two world wars was marked by instability. Social and economic divisions widened during the Depression years when many Australian financial institutions failed.

 

During the Second World War Australian forces made a significant contribution to the Allied victory in Europe and in Asia and the Pacific. The generation that fought in the war and survived came out of the war with a sense of pride in Australia’s capabilities.

 

Post-war prosperity

After the war Australia entered a boom period. Millions of refugees and migrants arrived in Australia, many of them young people happy to embrace their new lives with energy and vigour. The number of Australians employed in the manufacturing industry had grown steadily since the beginning of the century. Many women who had taken over factory work while men were away at war were able to continue working in peacetime.

 

The economy developed strongly in the 1950s with major nation-building projects such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a hydro-electric power scheme located in Australia’s southern alps. Suburban Australia also prospered. The rate of home ownership rose dramatically from barely 40 per cent in 1947 to more than 70 per cent by 1960.

 

Other developments included the expansion of the social security net and the arrival of television. Melbourne hosted the Olympic Games of 1956, shining the international spotlight on Australia.

Castricum

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Castricum

Frisian name: {{{fname}}}

Dutch name: {{{dname}}}

Country The Netherlands

Province North Holland

Coordinates and maps 52.55° N 4.67° E

mq mm me mw sat

Mayor A. Emmens-Knol (PvdA)

Area

• Land

• Water 59.93 km²

49.58 km²

10.35 km²

Population

• Density 35,340 (2005)

712/km²

Website http://www.castricum.nl

Castricum is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.

 

On October 6, 1799 a Franco-Dutch army under Guillaume Marie Anne Brune defeated an Anglo-Russian army under Ralph Abercromby and the Duke of York.

 

Castricum is a tourist attraction in the province North Holland. It offers tourist attractions as the beach, the lake of Alkmaar-Uitgeest and also the dunes.

 

With the lake, which connects Alkmaar with Uitgeest, the tourist and day-trippers have a lot of possibilities to be active on the water. People who are fond of water can enter the lake via the beaches to go swimming, canoeing or surfing. In the marinas you can enter the water with a sailing or motorboat. A special place in the lake is reserved to go waterskiing and unlimited speeding. You can also rent a canoe to go paddling for a while. Along the lake there are many nice places to have a drink or get something to eat.

 

The beach is one of the biggest tourist attractions because of the wide range of possibilities for surfers, swimmers and sun-worshippers. Even if the weather is not so good you can enjoy a walk along the coastline. Another beautiful area to walk is the wooded area of the dune reserve in Noord Holland, which is close to the beach. When you finished your walk and you are interested in the nature and wildlife of the dunes you can always visit visitor centre “de Hoep”. If you feel more like having a drink or getting some food “Johanna's hof” is a recommendation. One of the other famous attractions in this area is Hortus Bulborum, a garden with about 1500 different species of historical bulbs in Limmen. End of April, beginning of May you also have the “flower-days” in Limmen.

 

Contents [hide]

1 Population centres

2 Local government

3 References

4 External links

 

 

 

[edit]

Population centres

The municipality of Castricum consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Castricum, Akersloot, Bakkum, De Woude, Limmen.

 

[edit]

Local government

The municipal council of Castricum consists of 23 seats, which are divided as follows:

 

GDB - 8 seats

CDA - 4 seats

VVD - 4 seats

GroenLinks - 3 seats

PvdA - 3 seats

D66 - 1 seats

[edit]

References

Statistics are taken from the SDU Staatscourant

[edit]

External links

A map of Castricum

 

:cool: :P

World War II

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from World War 2)

Jump to: navigation, search

 

 

 

World War II

Part of {{{partof}}}

 

Counterclockwise from top: Allied landing on Normandy beaches on D-Day, the 1936 Nuremberg Rally, the Nagasaki atom bomb, Red Army soldiers raising Soviet flag over the Reichstag in Berlin, the gate of a Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz

Date: 1939–1945

Location: Europe, Pacific, South-East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean and Africa

Result: Allied victory

Casus belli: {{{casus}}}

Territory changes: {{{territory}}}

 

Combatants

Allied Powers Axis Powers

Commanders

{{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}}

Strength

{{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}}

Casualties

17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths

{{{notes}}}

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. It engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as the largest and deadliest war in human history.

 

The war was initially fought between Germany and the Allies, initially consisting of United Kingdom (with the British Empire), France and Poland. Germany was later joined by Italy, jointly known as the Axis Powers, and Japan. Some of the nations that Germany conquered also sent military forces, particularly to the Eastern front, while others joined the Allies. The Soviet Union had enabled German attack on Poland by signing a pact with Germany, but in 1941 Germany also invaded the Soviet Union, driving it into the Allies' camp. In the same year, the United States of America entered the war on the Allies' side after having been attacked by Germany's ally Japan. China, which had been engaged in war with Japan since the mid-1930s, also fought with the Allies.

 

Approximately 62 million people died as a result of the war, almost half of which Russians (at the decisive Eastern Front). This figure includes acts of genocide such as the Holocaust and General Ishii Shiro's Unit 731 experiments in Pingfan, incredibly bloody battles in Europe, North Africa and the Pacific Ocean, and massive bombings of cities, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the firebombing of Dresden and Pforzheim in Germany and the blitz on British cities such as Coventry and London. Few areas of the world were unaffected; the war involved the "home front" and bombing of civilians to a greater degree than any previous conflict. Atomic weapons, jet aircraft, rockets and radar, the blitzkrieg (or "lightning war"), the massive use of tanks, submarines, torpedo bombers and destroyer/tanker formations, are only a few of many wartime inventions and new tactics that changed the face of conflict. It was the first time that a number of newly developed technologies, including nuclear weapons, were used against either military or civilian targets. It is estimated to have cost about 1 trillion US dollars in 1945 (adjusted for inflation; roughly 10.5 trillion in 2005), not including subsequent reconstruction. The vast outcomes of the war, including new technology and changes to the world's geopolitical, cultural and economic arrangement, were unprecedented in human history.[1]

 

After World War II, Europe was partitioned into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, the former undergoing economic reconstruction under the Marshall Plan and the latter becoming satellite states of the Soviet Union. This partition was, however, informal; rather than coming to terms about the spheres of influence, the relationship between the victors steadily deteriorated, and the military lines of demarcation finally became the de facto country boundaries. Western Europe largely aligned as NATO, and Eastern Europe largely as the Warsaw pact countries, alliances which were fundamental to the ensuing Cold War. In Asia, the United States' military occupation of Japan led to Japan's democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. There was a fundamental shift in power from Western Europe to the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, with significant boundary changes and displacement of people as the Soviet Union's borders shifted westwards.

 

Contents [hide]

1 Causes

2 Participants

3 Chronology

3.1 A debated starting date

3.2 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War

3.3 1939: War breaks out in Europe

3.4 1940: The war spreads

3.4.1 Europe

3.4.2 The Mediterranean

3.4.3 Asia

3.5 1941: The war becomes global

3.5.1 The Mediterranean

3.5.2 Asia: The Sino-Japanese War

3.5.3 Asia: The United States enters the war

3.6 1942: Deadlock

3.6.1 Europe

3.6.2 The Mediterranean

3.6.3 Asia

3.7 1943: The war turns

3.7.1 Russia

3.7.2 Italy

3.7.3 Asia: (1943–45)

3.8 1944: The beginning of the end

3.9 1945: The end of the war

3.9.1 Europe

3.9.2 Asia

4 Resistance

5 The Home fronts

6 Technologies

7 Civilian impact & atrocities

7.1 Genocide

7.2 Concentration camps, labour camps and internment

7.3 War crimes and attacks on civilians

8 Aftermath

8.1 Casualties

8.2 A world in ruins

8.3 United Nations

8.4 The Cold War begins

9 See also

9.1 Main articles

9.2 Media

10 References

11 External links

 

 

 

 

 

 

[edit]

Causes

 

Benito Mussolini (left) and Adolf HitlerMain articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, and Events preceding World War II in Asia

 

[2]The causes of World War II are naturally a debated subject, but a common view, particularly among the allies in the early post-war years, ties them to the policy of appeasement, which was directed by Britain and France after the First World War and expansionism of Germany and Japan: Germany had lost wealth, power and status following the First World War and the main purpose of the economic, military, and (eventually) territorial expansion was to give Germany a place as a world power again and, in addition, to obtain resource rich land at the expense of Poles and Ukranians.

 

In Germany, there was a strong national desire to escape the bonds of the World War I Treaty of Versailles, and eventually, Hitler and the Nazis assumed control of the country by calling for a heroic mass effort to restore past glory. They led Germany through a chain of events: rearmament, reoccupation of the Rhineland, incorporation of Austria Anschluss, dismemberment and occupation of Czechoslovakia and finally the invasion of Poland. Some academics have gone so far in linking the Treaty of Versailles directly to the conflict as to claim that the European theatres of World War I and II actually constitute a single conflict with a 22-year ceasefire (much as the 1337-1453 Hundred Years War is treated as a single conflict). The London School of Economics has gone so far along its route that its history department now teaches a course entitled "European Civil War 1890 to 1945"[3]. The two conflicts are also described in this way by Duke University's J.M. Roberts[4].

 

In Asia, Japan's efforts to become a world power and the rise of militarist leadership (in the 1930s, the government in Japan was undermined as militarists rose to power and gained de facto totalitarian control) led to conflicts first with China and later the United States. Japan also sought to secure additional natural resources, such as oil and iron ore, due in part to the lack of natural resources on Japan's own home islands.

 

The League of Nations was powerless and mostly silent in the face of many major events leading to World War II such as Hitler's re-militarisation of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and occupation of Czechoslovakia. The League commissioner in Danzig was unable to deal with German claims on the city. This was a significant contributing factor in the outbreak of World War II in 1939.[5]

 

[edit]

Participants

 

The "Big Three": Winston Churchill (left), Franklin D. Roosevelt (middle) and Joseph Stalin (right), during the Yalta Conference in 1945Main article: Participants in World War II

The belligerents of the Second World War are usually considered to belong to either of the two blocs: the Axis and the Allies. A number of smaller countries participated in the war, some of them under occupation or as proxies of one of the large powers. Some nations participated on different sides at different times.

 

The Axis Powers consisted primarily of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which split the earth into three spheres of influence under the Tripartite Pact of 1940, and vowed to defend one another against aggression. Smaller countries participating on the Axis side were Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia and Finland. Spain's fascist government never joined the Axis but signed the Anti Comintern Pact of 1941 with Germany and sent volunteers to fight on Germany's Eastern Front. The Soviet Union was actually an ally of Germany at the beginning of the war, sharing with Germany the division of Poland and Baltic states. The Soviet Union provided supplies to Germany, while the United Kingdom and France were attempting to fend off Germany's successful 1940 advance into Western Europe. As discussed below, the Soviet Union remained an ally of Germany, as a supplier, until Germany ended that relationship on June 22, 1941 by invading that country.

 

Among the Allied powers, what emerged to be the Big Three were the United Kingdom (from September 3, 1939), the Soviet Union (from June 1941) and the United States (from December 1941), though some consider smaller countries like Australia and Canada to be part of the Big Five as it is called. The nations, which declared war on Germany in September 1939, included Britain and the Commonwealth, France, and Poland. China had been at war with Japan since 1937.

 

 

The "Big Three" on the cover of TIME (May 14, 1945)On August 23, 1939, just before the war broke out, the USSR and Germany signed the non-aggression Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which, among other things, divided Eastern Europe into regions of influence. But Germany violated the pact when it invaded the USSR in 1941. Similarly, the US had the (much older) unilateral Monroe Doctrine, which stated that Europe should not interfere in the Americas and, in turn, the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs. But the U.S. entered the war after, first, Japan and, then, Germany declared war on it and launched direct attacks on its navy, shipping and other interests.

 

Many other countries, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Greece, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Thailand and Yugoslavia are also considered important Allies, although some of these were conquered and occupied by Axis forces or even officially joined the Axis as a result of coercion.

 

Countries that attempted to remain neutral in the conflict were often viewed with suspicion by the participants, and pressured to make contributions to the most influential power in their neighbourhood. Sovereignty was difficult to maintain, as many countries that did not directly participate in the conflict nevertheless held vested interests in seeing a particular side prevail. For example, neutral Switzerland was generally considered to be "Allied-friendly", while neutral Spain was considered "Axis-friendly", despite the fact that neither country openly proclaimed any alliances. Such situations allowed neutral countries to become hotbeds of espionage.

 

[edit]

Chronology

Main articles: European Theatre of World War II, Mediterranean Theatre of World War II, Pacific War, End of World War II in Europe

 

[edit]

A debated starting date

[6]The date on which World War II started is a debated subject; historians do not all agree on which event signified the start of the war. The most common date used is 1 September 1939, marking the German invasion of Poland, which resulted in the British and French declarations of war two days later. Other candidates include the Japanese invasion of China on 7 July 1937, (the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War), or the entry of Hitler's armies to Prague in March 1939. Some historians argue that the Italian attack on Ethiopia (The Second Italo-Abyssinian War), which lasted seven months in 1935-1936, was the actual start of World War II. There are some other historians that argue the war started on the Manchurian Incident on 18 September 1931.

 

[edit]

1937: Second Sino-Japanese War

Main article: Second Sino-Japanese War

[7]On 7 July 1937, Japan, after occupying northeastern China as Manchuria in 1931, launched another attack against China near Beijing (see Marco Polo Bridge Incident). Rather than retreating swiftly, as in previous engagements with the Japanese, the Chinese government began a war of resistance, marking the official start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would soon become part of the World War. The Japanese made vast initial advances, but were stalled in Shanghai for months in the Battle of Shanghai. The city eventually fell to the Japanese and in December 1937, the capital city, Nanking (now Nanjing), fell and the Chinese government moved its seat to Chongqing for the rest of the war. Surprised by the unanticipated level of resistance from China, the Japanese forces committed brutal atrocities against civilians and POWs when Nanking was occupied (see Nanjing Massacre), killing as many as 300,000 civilians within a month.

 

[edit]

1939: War breaks out in Europe

Main articles: Polish September Campaign, Russo-Finnish War, and Phony War

 

 

German soldiers destroying a Polish border checkpoint. The picture was staged a few days after the outbreak of the war for propaganda reasons.War broke out in Europe on 1 September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. France and the United Kingdom honoured their defensive alliance of March 1939 by declaring war two days later on 3 September. Australia and New Zealand declared war the same day, although through the quirk of the international date line, New Zealand then Australia were the first to declare war on Germany. Canada followed a week later, on 10 September. Only partly mobilized and with troops inadequately equipped with largely outdated weapons (which included large numbers of horse-mounted cavalry), and without the anticipated support of French or British forces, Poland was overrun by the Wehrmacht's superior numbers and "blitzkrieg" tactics. In accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Red Army invaded Poland from the east on 17 September, so the Polish Army was completely surrounded by the German and Soviet forces. Hours later, the Polish government escaped to Romania. The last Polish Army unit was defeated on 6 October. As Poland fell, the British and French were either caught unaware of German intentions or had not allowed themselves to believe that Germany would invade Poland. Germany paused to regroup as the British and French waited for them at the frontline during a period that would be jokingly termed "the Phony War", or the "Sitzkrieg", because no actual fighting was taking place. The "Sitzkrieg" lasted until May 1940. Polish forces continued to fight the Axis powers after their country fell. A prominent example was the assistance of Polish pilots during the Battle of Britain.

 

 

Polish infantry during the Polish September Campaign, September 1939.The Soviet Union honoured the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and did not fight the Germans: Stalin was happy to have those he felt were his natural and true enemies—the capitalist West and Nazi Germany—fight each other. Indeed, the Soviets had their agents in the U.S., working alongside German sympathisers, advocate that the U.S. remain neutral in the war, a position that the majority of Americans, reluctant to join in what they saw as "someone else's war," welcomed.

 

There were isolated engagements during the "Phony War" or "Sitzkrieg" period, including the sinking of HMS Royal Oak in the anchorage at Scapa Flow and Luftwaffe bombings of the naval bases at Rosyth and Scapa Flow. The Kriegsmarine pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee was sunk in South America after the battle of the River Plate. The Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, formalising their alignment as the "Axis Powers". The Soviet Union invaded Finland on 30 November 1939, beginning the Winter War, which lasted until March 1940 with Finland ceding territory to the Soviet Union.

 

[edit]

1940: The war spreads

Main articles: Norwegian Campaign, Battle of France, Battle of Britain, North African Campaign, and Balkans Campaign

 

 

French soldier weeping after the Battle of France, May 1940.[edit]

Europe

Germany invaded Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, in Operation Weserübung, ostensibly to counter the threat of an Allied invasion from the region. Denmark was occupied without resistance. Norway fought back, with British, French and Polish exile forces landing to support the Norwegians at Namsos, Åndalsnes and Narvik. By late June, German forces were in complete control of Norway. All Allied forces had been evacuated and what remained of the Norwegian Army surrendered. France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were invaded on 10 May, ending the Phony War and beginning the Battle of France. The Allies had hoped to establish a static continuous front and were ill-prepared for the German Blitzkrieg tactics. In the first phase of the invasion, Case Yellow, the Wehrmacht's Panzergruppe von Kleist bypassed the Maginot Line and split the Allies in two by driving to the English Channel through northern France. Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands fell quickly against the attack of Army Group B, and the British Expeditionary Force, trapped in the north, being encircled, was evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. German forces then continued the conquest of France with Case Red, advancing behind the Maginot Line and near the coast. While some units from the French army were still fighting, a number of top politicians and military leaders decided that it would be better to surrender given the situation; France signed an armistice with Germany on June 22, 1940, leading to the establishment of the Vichy France puppet government in the unoccupied part of France.

 

 

A Royal Air Force Spitfire, one of the fighters many thank for winning the Battle of BritainIn June 1940 the Soviet Union occupied Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, and annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania. Not having secured a rapid peace with the United Kingdom, Germany began preparations to invade with the Battle of Britain. Fighter aircraft fought overhead for months as the Luftwaffe and Royal Air Force fought for control of Britain's skies. The Luftwaffe initially targeted RAF Fighter Command but turned to terror bombing London. The Luftwaffe was not successful, and Operation Sealion, the proposed invasion of the British Isles, was abandoned. Similar efforts were made, though at sea, in the Battle of the Atlantic. In a long-running campaign, German U-Boats attempted to deprive the British Isles of necessary Lend Lease cargo from the United States. The U-Boats reduced shipments considerably; however, the United Kingdom refused to seek peace, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill stating that "We shall never surrender". President Roosevelt announced a shift in the American stance from neutrality to "non-belligerency".

 

[edit]

The Mediterranean

Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940, from bases in Albania. Greek forces successfully repelled the Italian attacks and launched a full-scale counter-attack deep into Albania. By mid-December they had occupied one-fourth of Albania. The North African Campaign began in 1940; Italian forces in Libya attacked British forces in Egypt. The aim was to make Egypt an Italian possession, especially the vital Suez Canal. British, Indian and Australian forces counter-attacked (see Operation Compass), but this offensive stopped in 1941 when much of the Commonwealth forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. However, German forces (known later as the Afrika Korps) under General Erwin Rommel landed in Libya and renewed the assault on Egypt. Italian troops invaded and captured British Somaliland in August 1940.

 

On the other hand, the Italian declaration of war challenged the British supremacy of this sea, a supremacy hinged on Gibraltar, Malta and Alexandria. While Gibraltar was never under direct attack, Alexandria and to a deadlier degree Malta were hit repeatedly by Axis attacks: the thrusts towards the Suez Canal for the former, and the 1940/42 Blitz for the latter, making the island of Malta the most heavily bombed place on earth.

 

[edit]

Asia

In 1940, Japan occupied French Indochina (Vietnam) upon agreement with the Vichy Government and allied with the Axis powers, Germany and Italy. These actions intensified Japan's conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom, who reacted with an oil boycott.

 

[edit]

1941: The war becomes global

Main articles: Eastern Front (World War II), Continuation War, and Attack on Pearl Harbor

 

 

Overview map of World War II in Europe : Allies green, Axis conquests blueEurope: [8]Yugoslavia's government succumbed to the pressure of Italy and Germany and signed the Tripartite Treaty on 25 March 1941. This was followed by anti-Axis demonstrations in the country and a coup which overthrew the government and replaced it with a pro-Allied one on 27 March 1941. Hitler's forces then invaded Greece and Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941. Hitler reluctantly sent forces to assist Mussolini's forces in their attempt to capture Greece, principally to prevent a British build-up on Germany's strategic southern flank. With these new troops the Axis succeeded in driving the Greek forces back. British troops were diverted from North Africa to assist with the defence but failed to prevent Greece's capture. On 20 May 1941, the Battle of Crete began when elite German Fallschirmjäger and glider-borne mountain troops and some 539 aeroplanes launched a massive airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete. Crete was defended by an group of about 43,000 Greek, New Zealand, Australian and British troops, not all of them fully equipped. The Germans attacked the island simultaneously on the three airfields. Their invasion on two of the airfields failed, but they successfully captured one, which allowed them to reinforce their position by landing reinforcements. After a week it was decided that so many German troops had been flown in that there was no way to defeat them, and about 17,000 Commonwealth soldiers were evacuated. However, over 10,000 Greek and 500 Commonwealth troops remained at large and caused problems for the German occupiers. The German invasion troops suffered 6,200 casualties (with almost 4,000 dead) out of 14,000 used. So heavy were the losses that Hitler decided never to launch an airborne invasion again. General Kurt Student would later say, "Crete was the grave of the German parachutists". The Allies, on the other hand, came to the conclusion that every major invasion should be supported by paratroopers.

 

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the largest invasion in history, commenced on 22 June 1941. The "Great Patriotic War" (Russian: Великая Отечественная Война, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna) had begun with surprise attacks by German panzer armies, which encircled and destroyed much of the Soviet's western military, capturing or killing hundreds of thousands of men. Soviet forces came to fight a war of scorched earth, withdrawing into the steppe of Russia to acquire time and stretch the German army. Industries were dismantled and withdrawn to the Ural mountains for reassembly. German armies pursued a three-pronged advance against Leningrad, Moscow, and the Caucasus. Having pushed to occupy Moscow before winter, German forces were delayed into the Soviet Winter. Soviet counter-attacks defeated them within sight of Moscow's spires, and a rout was only narrowly avoided. Some historians identify this as the "turning point" in the Allies' war against Germany; others identify the capitulation of the German Sixth Army outside Stalingrad (modern-day Volgograd) in 1943. The Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union began with Soviet air attacks shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, on 25 June, and ended with an armistice in 1944.

 

[edit]

The Mediterranean

In June 1941, Allied forces invaded Syria and Lebanon, capturing Damascus on 17 June (see Syria-Lebanon campaign). Meanwhile, Rommel's forces advanced rapidly eastward, laying siege to the vital seaport of Tobruk. Australian and other Allied troops in the city resisted all until relieved, but a renewed Axis offensive captured the city and drove the Eighth Army back to a line at El Alamein.

 

[edit]

Asia: The Sino-Japanese War

 

Overview map of World War II in Asia and the Pacific: Allies green, Japanese conquests yellowMain article: Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

A war had begun in Asia years before World War II started in Europe. Japan had invaded China in 1931. By 1937, war had broken out as the Japanese sought control of China. Roosevelt signed an unpublished (secret) executive order in May 1940 allowing U.S. military personnel to resign from the service so that they could participate in a covert operation in China: the American Volunteer Group, also known as Chennault's Flying Tigers. Over a seven-month period, Chennault's Flying Tigers destroyed an estimated 115 Japanese aircraft, sunk numerous Japanese ships, and had a notable participation in the campaign of Burma. With the United States and other countries cutting exports to Japan, particularly fuel oil, Japan planned a strike on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, 7 December 1941, to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet while consolidating oil fields in Southeast Asia. It is hard to determine whether the Japanese intended to release an advance declaration of war, however, as means of coordinating secret directives with public communication, particularly during a weekend in the U.S., were limited. Despite what warning signs remained, the attack on Pearl Harbor achieved military surprise and dealt severe damage to the American Fleet's battleships, though the primary targets, aircraft carriers, remained safely at sea.

 

On December 8, 1941 Japanese forces arrived at Hong Kong, which later led to the Battle of Hong Kong. With a combined force of only 14,000, the Canadian Army, British Army and the British Indian Army, the vastly outnumbered Allied troops held out until the surrender of the British colony on Christmas Day (known to locals as 'Black Christmas').

 

[edit]

Asia: The United States enters the war

Main article: Attack on Pearl Harbor

 

Pearl Harbor attacked on 7 December 1941On 7 December 1941, Japanese warplanes commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo carried out a surprise air raid on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific. The Japanese forces met little resistance and devastated the harbor. This attack resulted in 8 battleships (including the California, the Utah, the West Virginia, the Oklahoma, the Arizona, and the Tennessee) either sunk or damaged, 3 light cruisers and 3 destroyers sunk as well as damage to some auxiliaries and 343 aircraft either damaged or destroyed. 2408 Americans were killed including 68 civilians; 1178 were wounded. Japan lost only 29 aircraft and their crews and five midget submarines. However, the attack failed to strike targets that could have been crippling losses to the US Pacific Fleet such as the aircraft carriers which were out at sea at the time of the attack or the base's ship fuel storage and repair facilities. The survival of these assets have led many to consider this attack a catastrophic long term strategic blunder for Japan.

 

The following day, the United States declared war on Japan. The same day, China officially declared war on Japan despite having been engaged in warfare for over four years (it had done so in order to receive military aid as to avoid neutrality complications). Simultaneous to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan also attacked U.S. air bases in the Philippines. Immediately following these attacks, Japan invaded the Philippines and also the British Colonies of Hong Kong, Malaya, Borneo and Burma with the intention of seizing the oilfields of the Dutch East Indies. In a matter of months, all these territories and more fell to the Japanese. The British island fortress of Singapore was captured in what Churchill considered one of the most humiliating British defeats of all time.

 

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact of 1940. Hitler made the declaration in the hopes that Japan would support him by attacking the Soviet Union. Japan did not oblige him, and this diplomatic move proved a catastrophic blunder which gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the pretext needed for the United States joining the fight in Europe with full commitment and with no meaningful opposition from Congress. Some historians mark this moment as another major turning point of the war with Hitler provoking a grand alliance of powerful nations, most prominently the UK, the USA and the USSR, who could wage powerful offensives on both East and West simultaneously.

 

[edit]

1942: Deadlock

 

German soldiers at the Battle of StalingradMain articles: Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Torch

 

[edit]

Europe

In May 1942, one of the most powerful Nazis, Reinhard Heydrich, was assassinated in Prague in the Operation Anthropoid. In the Eastern front, an aborted German offensive was launched towards the Caucasus to secure oil fields, and German armies reached Stalingrad. The siege of Stalingrad continued for many months, with vicious urban warfare leading to high casualties on both sides. At night, the Soviet forces were resupplied from the east bank of the Volga, and the Wehrmacht forces were eventually ground down; especially after Hitler diverted the armour of the Sixth Army to the Caucasus. In November a Soviet offensive encircled the Sixth Army. By early February 1943, it was clear that the Sixth Army would have to surrender. Hitler promoted General Friedrich Paulus, who was in charge of the German forces in the area, to Field Marshal in the vain hope it would deter him from surrendering because never before had a German Field Marshal surrendered. It did not, and he surrendered completely on 2 February. The results were the destruction of the city, millions of casualties, and the collapse of Wehrmacht's Sixth Army as a viable fighting force. Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels responded with his Sportpalast speech to the German people. Some historians cite this as the European war's "turning point".

 

[edit]

The Mediterranean

 

Afrika Korps on the move in Africa, 1942

A B-26 Marauder of the 17th Bomb Group (432nd Squadron) damaged by flak fire somewhere over Algeria during the North African Campaign in 1942.

British infantry attack at the Second Battle of El AlameinThe First Battle of El Alamein took place between 1 July and 27 July 1942. German forces had advanced to the last defensible point before Alexandria and the Suez Canal. However, they had outrun their supplies, and a Commonwealth defence stopped their thrusts. The Second Battle of El Alamein occurred between October 23 and November 3, 1942, after Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery had replaced Claude Auchinleck as commander of the Commonwealth forces, now known as the Eighth Army. Erwin Rommel, German commander of the Afrika Korps, known as the "Desert Fox", was absent from the battle because he was recovering from jaundice back in Europe. Commonwealth forces took the offensive, and although they lost more tanks than the Germans began the battle with, Montgomery was ultimately triumphant. The western Allies had the advantage of being close to their supplies during the battle. In addition, Rommel was getting little or no help by this time from the struggling Luftwaffe, which was now more tasked with defending Western European air space, and fighting the Soviet Union, than providing Rommel with support in North Africa. After the German defeat at El Alamein, Rommel made a successful strategic withdrawal to Tunisia. During the Arcadia Conference from December 1941 to January 1942, the Allied leaders concluded that it was essential to keep Russia in the war. This consideration led to the overall strategy "Germany First"; i.e. giving priority of knocking out Germany before Japan. This decision resulted in a long debate as to where and when to open a Second Front against Germany. The American Chiefs of Staff favoured a cross-channel (France) amphibious operation in the summer. The British opposed this because of insufficient landing craft and logistical problems. It was also thought that American forces were in a process of expansion, organization and exercise, not capable yet of fighting an experienced German army. Only if Russia collapsed would they approve a main landing in France. Churchill put forward the idea of a small invasion in Norway or landings in French North Africa. The plan for landings in Africa was approved in July 1942.

 

Operation Torch was headed by General Dwight Eisenhower. The aim of Torch was to gain control of Morocco and Algiers through simultaneous landings at Casablanca, Oran and Algiers, followed a few days later with a landing at Bône, the gateway to Tunisia. The operation was launched on 8 November 1942. The first wave was almost entirely American troops, because it was thought that the French would react more favourably to Americans than British. It was hoped that the local forces of Vichy France would put up no resistance and submit to the authority of Free French General Henri Giraud. In fact, resistance was stronger than expected but still sporadic. In Algiers, 400 members of the French resistance captured much of the city, though it was retaken before Allied forces could arrive. The Vichy commander, Admiral Darlan, negotiated an end to hostilities, against orders from the Vichy government. He was allowed to retain local control by the Allies, to the annoyance of Free French leaders. Hitler invaded and occupied Vichy France in response. Rommel's Afrika Corps was not being supplied adequately because of the loss of transport shipments caused by Allied—mostly British—navies and air forces in the Mediterranean. This lack of supplies and air support destroyed any chance of a large German offensive in Africa. Ultimately, German and Italian forces were caught in the pincers of a twin advance from Algeria and Libya. The withdrawing Germans continued to put up stiff defence, and Rommel defeated the American forces decisively at the Battle of Kasserine Pass before finishing his strategic withdrawal back to the meagre German supply chain. Inevitably, advancing from both the east and west, the Allies finally defeated the German Afrika Corps on May 13, 1943. Some 250,000 Axis soldiers were taken prisoner.

 

[edit]

Asia

Further information: World War II: Aleutian Islands, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

 

Dive bombers over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of MidwayIn April 1942, Americans succeeded in attacking Japan itself for the first time in the Doolittle raid, which boosted morale on the home front and caused Japan to shift some resources to homeland defense. In May 1942, a naval attack on Port Moresby, New Guinea, was thwarted by Allied navies in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Had the capture of Port Moresby succeeded, the Japanese Navy would have been within striking range of Australia. This was both the first successful opposition to Japanese plans and the first naval battle fought only between aircraft carriers. The two sides suffered roughly equal losses. A month later the invasion of Midway Island was prevented by decoding secret Japanese messages, and hence alerted U.S. naval leaders that Midway was the Japanese target. American pilots sunk four Japanese carriers, which the Japanese industry could not replace swiftly. The loss of many planes and skilled pilots (many of them took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor) was also difficult to redress. The Americans lost one carrier and fewer planes. It was a complete victory for the Americans, and the Japanese Navy was now on the defensive. However, in July an overland attack on Port Moresby was led along the rugged Kokoda Track. This was met with Australian militia, many of them very young and undertrained, fighting a stubborn rearguard action until the arrival of Australian regulars returning from action in North Africa, Greece and the Middle East. But amazingly, the outnumbered and untrained Australian 39th battalion defeated the 5,000-strong Japanese army. This was one of the most significant victories in Australian military history. Even prior to the American entry to the war, the Allied leaders had agreed that priority should be given to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Nonetheless, U.S. forces began to attack captured territories, beginning with Guadalcanal Island, against a bitter and determined Japanese defense. On 7 August 1942, the United States assaulted the island. In late August and early September, while battle raged on Guadalcanal, an amphibious Japanese attack on the eastern tip of New Guinea was met by Australian forces at Milne Bay, and the Japanese land forces suffered their first conclusive defeat. On Guadalcanal, the Japanese resistance failed in February 1943.

 

A substantial element of the Asian campaign was played out, starting in 1942, in the Aleutian Islands. On August 7, 1943, a combined American-Canadian force invaded the Aleutian Island only to find them abandoned.

 

[edit]

1943: The war turns

 

LCVP landing craft circle while awaiting landing orders during the invasion of Cape Torokina, Bougainville, 1 November 1943Main articles: Battle of Kursk and Italian Campaign (World War II)

 

[edit]

Russia

After the victory at Stalingrad, the Red Army launched eight offensives during the winter, many concentrated along the Don basin near Stalingrad, which resulted in initial gains until German forces were able to take advantage of the weakened condition of the Red Army and regain the territory it lost. In July, the Wehrmacht launched a much-delayed offensive against the Soviet Union at Kursk. Their intentions were known by the Soviets, and the Battle of Kursk ended in a Soviet counteroffensive that threw the German Army back.

 

[edit]

Italy

Newly captured North Africa was used as a springboard for the invasion of Sicily on 10 July 1943. On 25 July Benito Mussolini was fired from office by the King of Italy, allowing a new government to take power. Having captured Sicily, the Allies invaded mainland Italy on 3 September 1943. Italy surrendered on 8 September, but German forces continued to fight. Allied forces advanced north but were stalled for the winter at the Gustav Line, until they broke through in the Battle of Monte Cassino. Rome was captured on 5 June 1944. Mid-1943 brought the fifth and final German Sutjeska offensive against the Yugoslav Partisans before the invasion and subsequent capitulation of Italy, the other major occupying force in Yugoslavia.

 

 

Pennsylvania (BB-38) leading Colorado (BB-45), Louisville (CA-28), Portland (CA-33) and Columbia (CL-56) into Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, January 1945.[edit]

Asia: (1943–45)

Australian and U.S. forces then undertook the prolonged campaign to retake the occupied parts of the Solomon Islands, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies, experiencing some of the toughest resistance of the war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were retaken in 1943, New Britain and New Ireland in 1944. As the Philippines were being retaken in late 1944, the Battle of Leyte Gulf raged, arguably the largest naval battle in history. The last major offensive in the south-west Pacific Area was the Borneo campaign of mid-1945, which was aimed at further isolating the remaining Japanese forces in South East Asia and securing the release of Allied POWs. Allied submarines and aircraft also attacked Japanese merchant shipping, depriving Japan's industry of the raw materials it had gone to war to obtain. The effectiveness of this stranglehold increased as U.S. Marines captured islands closer to the Japanese mainland. The Nationalist Kuomintang Army, under Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist Chinese Army, under Mao Zedong, both opposed the Japanese occupation of China but never truly allied against the Japanese. Conflict between Nationalist and Communist forces emerged long before the war; it continued after and, to an extent, even during the war, though more implicitly. The Japanese had captured most of Burma, severing the Burma Road by which the Western Allies had been supplying the Chinese Nationalists. This forced the Allies to create a large sustained airlift, known as "flying the Hump". U.S. led and trained Chinese divisions, a British division and a few thousand U.S. ground troops cleared the Japanese forces from northern Burma so that the Ledo Road could be built to replace the Burma Road. Further south the main Japanese army in the theatre were fought to a standstill on the Burma-India frontier by the British Fourteenth Army (the "Forgotten Army"), which then counter-attacked, and having recaptured all of Burma was planning attacks towards Malaya when the war ended.

 

[edit]

1944: The beginning of the end

 

American troops disembark on Omaha Beach on D-Day, 6 June 1944Main articles: Battle of Normandy, Operation Bagration, Operation Market Garden, and Battle of the Bulge

 

[9]On "D-Day" (6 June 1944) the western Allies invaded German-held Normandy in a pre-dawn amphibious assault spearheaded by American (82nd and 101st), British (6th) and Canadian paratroopers, opening the "second front" against Germany. The allies suffered large casualties during the beach assault. German artillery batteries pounded the beaches. But the airborne divisions secured the rear, enabling the seaborne troops to break inland. 2 Hedgerows aided the defending German units by giving them perfect areas for MG-42 emplacemtents. The narrow causeways of the hedgerow lanes caused great difficulty for tanks and made rotating their turrets difficult if not impossible. Troops also refered to the causeways as death-alleys because the Germans had the entire length zeroed in with mortars and 88's. The hedgerows themselves proved impossible to penetrate and if a Sherman attempted to run-over these walls they exposed their vulnerable underbellies to panzerfaust fire. For months the Allies measured progress in hundreds of yards and bloody rifle fights in the Bocage. An Allied breakout was effected at St.-Lô, and the most powerful German force in France, the Seventh Army, was almost completely destroyed in the Falaise pocket while counter-attacking. Allied forces stationed in Italy invaded the French Riviera on 15 August and linked up with forces from Normandy. The clandestine French Resistance in Paris rose against the Germans on 19 August, and a French division under General Jacques Leclerc, pressing forward from Normandy, received the surrender of the German forces there and liberated the city on August 25. By early 1944, the Red Army had reached the border of Poland and lifted the Siege of Leningrad.

 

 

Troops of the Canadian 3rd Divisionand the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade land on Juno Beach.Shortly after Allied landings at Normandy, on 9 June, the Soviet Union began an offensive on the Karelian Isthmus that after three months would force Nazi Germany's co-belligerent Finland to an armistice. Operation Bagration, a Soviet offensive involving 2.5 million men and 6,000 tanks, was launched on 22 June, destroying the German Army Group Centre and taking 350,000 prisoners. Finland's defence had been dependent on active, or in periods passive, support from the German Wehrmacht that also provided defence for the chiefly uninhabited northern half of Finland. After the Wehrmacht retreated from the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland, Finland's defence was untenable. The Allies' armistice conditions included further territorial losses and the internment or expulsion of German troops on Finnish soil executed in the Lapland War, now as co-belligerents of the Allies, who also demanded the political leadership to be prosecuted in "war-responsibility trials", which the Finnish public perceived as a mockery of the rule of law.

 

 

Four British paratroopers moving through a shell-damaged house in Oosterbeek during Operation Market GardenAllied paratroopers attempted a fast advance into Germany with Operation Market Garden in September but were repulsed. Logistical problems were starting to plague the Allies' advance west as the supply lines still ran back to the beaches of Normandy. A decisive victory by the Canadian First Army in the Battle of the Scheldt secured the entrance to the port of Antwerp, freeing it to receive supplies by late November 1944. Romania surrendered in August 1944 and Bulgaria in September. The Warsaw Uprising was fought between 1 August and 2 October. Germany withdrew from the Balkans and held Hungary until February 1945.

 

In December 1944, the German Army made its last major offensive in the West, largely because even if successful in the east it would have had no effect on the massive Red Army rolling towards the Reich. Thus, Hitler thought he could drive a wedge between the frequently feuding Western Allies, causing them to agree to a favourable armistice, after which Germany could concentrate all her efforts on the Eastern front and have a chance to defeat the Soviets. The mission was unrealistic to begin with, since German plans largely relied on capturing Allied fuel dumps in order to keep their vehicles moving with the goal of capturing the vital port of Antwerp, and thus crippling the Allies in the Battle of the Bulge. At first, the Germans scored successes against the Americans stationed in the Ardennes. The Allied forces, largely unprepared for this sudden attack, suffered heavy casualties. In addition, the weather during the initial days of the invasion favoured the Germans because the bad weather grounded Allied aircraft. However, with the overcast skies clearing allowing Allied air supremacy to enter the equation, and with the German failure to capture Bastogne, as well as the arrival of General Patton's Third Army, the Germans were forced to retreat back into Germany. The offensive was defeated. By now, the Soviets had reached the eastern borders of pre-war Germany.

 

 

Polish paratroopers in positions on the southern bank of Rhine (Arnhem).By this time the Soviet steamroller had become so powerful that some historians argue that the U.S., British and Canadian landing at Normandy was more to prevent a coast-to-coast Soviet block than to fight Germany. On the other hand, some say that throughout the war Stalin called on the U.S. to open up a second front. Throughout the war, the Soviet Union engaged roughly 80%[citation needed] of all Germany's forces.

 

The bombing of Dresden by the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945 remains one of the more controversial events of World War II.

 

According to British historian Frederick Taylor: "The destruction of Dresden has an epically tragic quality to it. It was a wonderfully beautiful city and a symbol of baroque humanism and all that was best in Germany. It also contained all of the worst from Germany during the Nazi period. In that sense it is an absolutely exemplary tragedy for the horrors of 20th Century warfare..."[1]

 

[edit]

1945: The end of the war

 

Berlin fell to the Red Army on 2 May. Here, the Hammer and Sickle is flown over the ReichstagMain articles: Borneo campaign (1945), End of World War II in Europe, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Victory over Japan Day

 

[edit]

Europe

Churchill, Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt made arrangements for post-war Europe at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. It resulted in an April meeting to form the United Nations: nation-states were created in Eastern Europe; it was agreed Poland would have free elections (in fact elections were heavily rigged by Soviets); Soviet nationals were to be repatriated, and the Soviet Union was to attack Japan within three months of Germany's surrender. The Red Army (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army) began its final assault on Berlin on 16 April. By now, the German Army was in full retreat and Berlin had already been battered due to preliminary air bombings. Most of the Nazi leaders had either been killed or captured. Hitler, however, was still alive, and was slowly going mad. As a final resistance effort, he called for civilians, including children, to fight the oncoming Red Army in the Volkssturm militia. When this failed, Hitler went into delusion, imagining that everyone was against him and that he still had battalions of troops to send into battle. Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker, a concrete bunker beneath the Chancellery, where on 30 April 1945, he committed suicide. Admiral Karl Dönitz became leader of the German government, but the German war effort quickly disintegrated. German forces in Italy were surrendered on 2nd May1945, those in northern Germany, Denmark, and The Netherlands on the 4th May1945, and the German High Command under Generaloberst Alfred Jodl surrendered unconditionally all German forces on 7 May in Reims, France. The Western Allies celebrated "V-E Day" on 8 May and the Soviet Union "Victory Day" on 9 May.

 

[edit]

Asia

 

Hiroshima, following the atomic bombing

Japan formally surrenders aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo BayU.S. capture of islands such as Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought the Japanese homeland within range of naval and air attack. Amongst dozens of other cities, Tokyo was firebombed, and about 90,000 people died from the initial attack. The dense living conditions around production centres and the wooden residential constructions contributed to the large loss of life. In addition, the ports and major waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air in Operation Starvation which seriously disrupted the logistics of the island nation. Later on 6 August 1945, the B-29 "Enola Gay", piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb (Little Boy) on Hiroshima, effectively destroying it. On 8 August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as had been agreed to at Yalta, and launched a large-scale invasion of Japanese occupied Manchuria (Operation August Storm). On 9 August, the B-29 "Bock's Car", piloted by Major Charles Sweeney, dropped an atomic bomb (Fat Man) on Nagasaki. The use of atomic weapons allowed the emperor of Japan to bypass the existing government and intervene to end the war. The new inclusion of the Soviet Union in the war may have also played a part, but in his radio address to the nation the emperor did not mention it as a major reason for the surrender of Japan. The Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945 (V-J day), signing official surrender papers on 2 September 1945, aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Japan's surrender to the Allied powers did not fully end the war, however, because Japan and the Soviet Union never signed a peace agreement. In the last days of the armed conflict, the Soviet Union occupied the southern Kuril Islands, an area previously held by Japan and claimed by the Soviets. Multiple efforts to bring about a peace agreement, and officially end the war, have as of yet not succeeded.

 

[edit]

Resistance

Main article: Resistance during World War II

Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground".

 

Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Home Army, the French Maquis and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organized and militant even before the war and their ideology was in many respects directly opposite of that of the Nazis.

 

Before D-Day there were also many operations performed by the French Resistance to help with the upincoming invasion. Communications lines were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers and ammunition depots were destroyed and some German garrisons were attacked.

 

Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting the Axis invaders, and Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. Although mainland Britain did not suffer invasion in World War II, the British made preparations for a British resistance movement, called the Auxiliary Units, in the event of a German invasion. Various organisations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British SOE and the American OSS (the forerunner of the CIA).

 

[edit]

The Home fronts

 

During the war, women worked in factories throughout much of the West and EastMain article: Home Front during World War II

Home front is the name given to the activities of the civilians in a state of total war.

 

In the United Kingdom, women joined the work force in jobs that the men used to occupy. Food, clothing, petrol and other items were rationed. Access to luxuries was severely restricted, though there was also a significant black market. Families also grew victory gardens, small home vegetable gardens, to supply themselves with food. Civilians also served as Air Raid Wardens, volunteer emergency services and other critical functions. Schools and organizations held scrap drives and money collections to help the war effort. Many things were conserved to turn into weapons later, such as fat to turn into nitroglycerin. A notable case was the collection of street railings as scrap iron, which changed the 'feel' of many older urban streets.

 

In the United States and Canada women also joined the workforce. In the United States these women are now called "Rosies" for Rosie the Riveter. Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice were as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves. In Canada, the government established three military compartments for women: the CWAAF (Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force), CWAC (Canadian Women's Army Corps) and WRCNS (Women's Royal Canadian Naval Services).

 

In Germany, at least for the first part of the war, there were few restrictions on civilian activities. Most goods were freely available. This was due in large part to the reduced access to certain luxuries already experienced by German civilians prior to the beginning of hostilities; the war made some less available, but many were in short supply to begin with. It was not until comparatively late in the war that the civilian German population was effectively organized to support the war effort. For example, women's labour was not mobilized as thoroughly as in the United Kingdom or the United States. Foreign slave labour was more significant as a substitute for the males enlisted into the armed forces.

 

[edit]

Technologies

Main article: Technology during World War II

 

German Enigma machine for encryption[10]The massive research and development demands of the war, including the Manhattan Project's efforts to quickly develop the atomic bomb, had a great impact on the scientific community, among other things creating a network of national laboratories in the United States and new sciences like cybernetics. In addition, the pressing need for numerous time-critical calculations for various projects like code-breaking and ballistics tables accentuated the need for the development of electronic computer technology. While the war stimulated many technologies, such as radio and radar development, it slowed down related yet non-critical fields such as television in the major powers.

 

The Jet aircraft age began during the war with the development of the Heinkel He 178, the first true turbojet, the Messerschmitt 262, the first jet in combat, and the Gloster Meteor, the first Allied jet fighter. During the war the Germans produced various Glide bomb weapons, which were the first smart bombs; the V-1 flying bomb, which was the first cruise missile weapon; and the V-2 rocket, the first ballistic missile weapon. The last of these was the first step into the space age as its trajectory took it through the stratosphere, higher and faster than any aircraft. This later led to the development of the Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Wernher Von Braun led the V-2 development team and later immigrated to the United States where he contributed to the development of the Saturn V rocket, which took men to the moon in 1969.

 

Military technology progressed at rapid pace, and over six years there was a disorientating rate of change in combat in everything from aircraft to small arms. The best jet fighters at the end of the war easily outflew any of the leading aircraft of 1939, such as the Spitfire Mark I. The early war bombers that caused such carnage would almost all have been shot down in 1945, many with one shot, by radar-aimed, proximity fuze detonated anti-aircraft fire, just as the 1941 "invincible fighter", the Zero, had by 1944 become the "turkey" of the "Marianas Turkey Shoot". The best late-war tanks, such as the Soviet JS-3 heavy tank or the German Panther medium tank, handily outclassed the best tanks of 1939 such as Panzer IVs. In the navy the battleship, long seen as the dominate element of sea power, was displaced by the greater range and striking power of the aircraft carrier. The chaotic impotence of opposed amphibious landings typical of WW I disasters was overcome: the Higgins boat, primary troop landing craft; the DUKW, a six-wheel-drive amphibious truck; and amphibious tanks were developed by the Western Allies to enable beach landing attacks, and increased organisation and coordination of amphibious assaults coupled with the resources necessary to sustain them caused the complexity of planning to increase by orders of magnitude requiring formal systematization and this gave rise to what became the modern management methodology/science of Project Management by which almost all modern engineering, construction and software developments are organized.

 

[edit]

Civilian impact & atrocities

 

Starved prisoners in the Ebensee concentration camp, Austria. The camp was reputedly used for "scientific" experiments.The Second World War saw large-scale atrocities aimed against the civilian populations of many of the nations involved. Germany killed between 11 million and 24 million civilians in deliberate acts of genocide and mass murder which often took priority over pressing military needs, while the Soviet Union and Japan used labour camps and often conducted massacres of their own, with Japan killing around 6 million civilians in areas they occupied, and the Soviets approximately 4 million civilians, half of these being from among the Soviet Union's own citizens [11]. The British carpet-bombed several German cities (in part as retaliation to the bombing of London), and continued even after the strategic value of such bombings became debatable (e.g., the bombing of Dresden in 1945). Such bombings resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of German civilians. The Americans carried out strategic, atomic and firebombings against Japanese cities where the industrial facilities were intermixed with the civilian populations, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths.

 

[edit]

Genocide

 

Major deportation routes to Nazi extermination camps during the HolocaustMain article: The Holocaust

With the outbreak of war in 1939, Germany began the first stages of what would become the Holocaust, the premeditated and industrialized massacre of between 9 and 11 million people (figures are uncertain). The groups deemed as "undesirable" included Jews, Poles, Russian war prisoners and other Slavs, Roma and Sinti, the mentally or physically disabled, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Communists and political dissidents.

 

Originally, the Nazis used killing squads, Einsatzgruppen, to conduct massive open-air killings, shooting as many as 33,000 people in a single massacre, as in the case of Babi Yar. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution (Endlösung), the genocide of all Jews in Europe, and increase the pace of the Holocaust. While concentration camps and labour camps containing political enemies had existed since Hitler came to power, the Nazis built six extermination camps, including Treblinka and Auschwitz, specifically to kill Jews. Millions of Jews who had been confined to diseased and massively overcrowded Ghettos were transported to these "Death-camps" where they were gassed or shot, usually immediately after arriving.

 

[edit]

Concentration camps, labour camps and internment

Main articles: Concentration camp, Gulag, and Japanese American internment

 

In addition to the Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet Gulags, or labour camps, led to the death of many citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war and even Soviet citizens themselves: opponents of Stalin's regime and large proportions of some ethnic groups (particularly Chechens). Japanese POW camps also had high death rates; many were used as labour camps, and starvation conditions among the mainly U.S. and Commonwealth prisoners were little better than many German concentration camps.

 

Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of Japanese North Americans were interned by the U.S. and Canadian governments. Though these camps did not involve heavy labour, forced isolation and sub-standard living conditions were the norm.

 

[edit]

War crimes and attacks on civilians

 

Victims of the Nanking Massacre buried in the "Ten Thousand Corpse Ditch".

Mushroom Cloud over Nagasaki after the atomic bomb.Main articles: Allied war crimes, Japanese war crimes, Strategic bombing, and Nuremburg Trials

 

Few forms of atrocity were excluded from the Eastern European theatre, as millions of Jews, Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians were systematically murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators, as well as over a million Yugoslavs in disproportionate reprisal killings for Partisan activity. The Nazis also killed approximately 3 million Soviet prisoners of war. The Soviet occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1941 was also brutal, resulting in the death or deportation of at least 1.8 million former Polish citizens. In 1940, the Soviet authorities ordered the execution of more than 22,000 Polish citizens, mainly Polish officers, but also scientists, politicians, doctors, lawyers, priests and others in the Katyn Massacre. Civilian populations suffered tremendously, the population of Kiev dropped by 70% between the early 1930s and 1945, partly from starvation under Stalin, but mostly under the Nazis. In indiscriminate retaliation the Soviet Army committed mass rape of German women in the final phase of the war.

 

The Japanese also engaged in mass killings; millions of Asian civilians and Allied POWs were killed by its military and/or used as slave labour. The most notorious atrocities occurred in China, including the slaughter of almost half a million Chinese during the Nanking Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, and Unit 731's experiments with biological warfare in Manchuria, with a view to killing a large part of the Chinese population. Japanese war crimes also included rape, pillage, murder, cannibalism and forcing female civilians to become sex slaves, known as "comfort women". Many of these occurred in Korea, which Japan occupied from 1910 to 1945.

 

World War II also saw the first large-scale use of bombing against civilian areas. Germany had been bombing civilian targets from the first days of the war. In the first months of the war the British Government ordered the RAF to adhere strictly to draft international rules prohibiting attacking civilians, but this restriction was progressively relaxed and abandoned altogether in 1942. By 1945 the strategic bombing of cities had been employed extensively by all sides. German bombing of Poland, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union was responsible for over 600,000 civilian deaths. Allied strategic bombing, including the firestorm bombing of Japanese and German cities including Tokyo, Hamburg and Dresden by Anglo-American forces and the American atomic bombing of two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, likely k

The Smurfs - the Cartoon Characters

The Smurfs are many things. At just the height of three apples each, they are an almost 99% male race, have short stubby tails, are very blue, each of them wears a similar set of clothes and yet they are remarkably smurfy...er, happy. A little over one hundred in number, they live together in mushroom houses in Smurf Village, organised under the wisdom of a 543 year-old smurf named Papa Smurf. Each smurf contributes towards keeping the village running in his or her own way.

 

Each smurf is truly unique - despite the limitations of almost all of them having the same colour, size and clothes as each other. They each have a defining characteristic (and usually an accessory), which is generally related to his or her name. For instance, Handy Smurf has white overalls and a pencil behind his ear, and he invents and fixes things. Poet Smurf is recognisable by a quill and parchment in his hand, and he tries to be eloquent and poetic. Guess what Baker Smurf does...

 

Most smurfs are about 100 years old and live in harmony (in more ways than one), with conflict only arising when the baddies seek to capture or corrupt their civilisation (boo, hiss).

 

A Smurfy Language

 

It sure is a smurfy day.

What does this phrase mean? To most people, the actual meaning may well be rather ambiguous. But those familiar with the world of the Smurfs will realise that it can mean many things - depending on how it is said and who says it. It could be 'It sure is a great day' or 'It sure is a lousy day.' It's only unfortunate that the reader can't see the context of the comment to further understand it1.

 

The word 'smurf' and words derived from it are usually pronouns (though not really pronouns, as they can take the place of any word from any part of speech) in the world of a race of tiny blue creatures of the same name. They have the remarkable ability to decipher what the word 'smurf' means in conversation, in a way that would make a Babel Fish2 gasp. Smurfs understand each other through subtle tones and inflections in their speech. However, we can only use context to understand them.

 

Smurfy is an adjective, and that's all you need to know. If Grouchy Smurf (see below) says it, it is probably a bad thing, and if one of the happier smurfs says it, it's probably a good thing.

 

Who are the Smurfs?

 

Each Smurf is unique, with his name reflecting his character. Most Smurfs also have a unique trait to make them recognisable. Here is a short guide to some of the Smurfs:

 

Papa Smurf is the oldest, wisest and most magical of the Smurfs. He is the leader of the village, and his responsibilities include settling disputes, making plans to rescue any of the members of the village in trouble and making magical potions and spells to protect their isolated home (with spells that make people who happen upon the village forget it). He has a laboratory, and wears a beard and red clothes.

 

Smurfette was the first female Smurf in the village. She has blonde hair, a dress and more feminine shoes. Gargamel, the main enemy of the Smurfs, brought the girl Smurf to the village in order to corrupt them, but Papa Smurf used his magic to make her a genuine Smurf, and she has remained one from then on.

 

Brainy wears black glasses and claims to be the smartest Smurf around - though he's most often wrong about what he talks about. He is often the cause of the Smurf's problems, usually because he is rather glory-hungry. Most Smurfs in the village dislike Brainy.

 

Dreamy daydreams a lot, of all sorts of places. The first time we see the Smurfs, Dreamy becomes Astrosmurf and wishes to go to outer space. He is always wishing and dreaming of strange things.

 

Hefty has a red heart tattoo and is the strongest Smurf. He is often seen lifting weights, in gym shorts and a green jersey.

 

Lazy is always napping, and tired. He can usually be seen in the background, yawning or snoring.

 

Handy is the most useful of the Smurfs, as he can repair or invent anything. His inventions make life easier for the Smurfs and sometimes solve problems. However, when his inventions malfunction, there can be serious problems. He has a pencil behind his ear and wears overalls.

 

Clumsy is a benign person who often trips over himself and his loose clothes. He is probably the only person in the village who is friends with Brainy.

 

Baker makes gourmet dishes for the Smurf village, including several special creations that he created. However, his great dishes are sometimes stolen by Greedy Smurf, and he can often be seen chasing Greedy around with a rolling pin.

 

Greedy manages to personify one of the Seven Deadly Sins - the one after which he is named. He steals baked items from Baker Smurf, but at one point he learns that his lifestyle isn't healthy.

 

Tailor designs and makes all of the clothes in the village. He wears a tape measure as a scarf and has needles around him. It's somewhat strange that he has a tape measure with him always, as all of the Smurfs are basically of the same proportion and wear basically the same clothes at all times.

 

Vanity, like Greedy, personifies one of the Seven Deadly Sins - Pride. He worries about his appearance more than anything else and wears a flower in his hat. Usually, he has a mirror in front of him.

 

Grouchy generally says nothing but 'I hate this' or 'I hate that.' He is grouchy, mean and doesn't like anything. The distinguishing thing about him is the scowl that's always on his face.

 

Jokey has a lot of things that explode loudly. He carries around giftboxes with fuses on them and when they explode, he lets out a big laugh.

 

Painter is a temperamental artist, with a French accent. He carries around brushes and a palette and is dressed in a brown jacket and tie.

 

Farmer plants and harvests all of the crops for Smurf Village. He wears blue overalls and a brown straw hat.

 

Harmony is a Smurf who is accompanied by bad trumpet music. He tries very hard to be a great musician, but people in the village find his music annoying. He carries around a yellow trumpet.

 

Wild wears a loincloth and also dons a green leaf for a hat. He grew up outside of the village, separately from the others. He can speak to animals.

 

Tracker is an outdoor Smurf with a big hiking stick.

 

There are also several children and various other characters-

 

Baby was delivered to the village by a stork. He has magical powers and speaks in a baby-speak kind of way, which is slightly less discernible than the Smurf-speak that the others use.

 

Snappy, Slouchy and Nat are Smurflings who were old but had the ageing process reversed. Snappy can be a bit mean and rough, Slouchy is relaxed and casual and Nat loves animals.

 

Sassette is a sister to the three original Smurflings, who they created. She has red hair, freckles and wears a set of pink overalls. She's something of a tomboy.

 

Clockwork is a wooden-looking robot created by Handy. He is a powerful and intelligent robot, who doesn't exactly live in the Smurf village, but visits often.

 

Grandpa is the oldest Smurf and lived outside the village for half a century. He is an active old man, with yellow clothes, a beard, a cane and glasses.

 

Mother Nature makes several cameo appearances with the Smurfs.

 

Nanny babysits the smaller Smurfs, and has a pink bunny named Smoogle. She has grey hair, reading glasses and a pink dress.

 

King Gerard is a very young man, on a throne. He is friends with the Smurfs, and does what he can to help them.

 

Puppy was a gift to the Smurfs, and belongs to Baby Smurf. He protects all of the Smurfs from their enemies, especially the younger ones.

 

Johan works for the King and helps the Smurfs sometimes. His companion is Peewit, who plays a lute (poorly).

 

Feathers is a bird who helps carry the Smurfs to where they need to go and also carries messages.

 

The Baddies

 

Though it can hardly be believed, there are some in the vicinity of the Smurfs who would seek to corrupt and destroy their quaint way of life. Luckily, the Smurfs manage to thwart - in one way or another - their would-be killers and captors each time.

 

Gargamel is a sorceror and the most prominent of the Smurf-hunters, having attempted to destroy their civilisation hundreds of times. He's done everything from creating Smurfette purely in order to corrupt them to disguising himself as a Smurf. Just about every Smurf has at some point been captured by Gargamel, only to escape time and time again. This brings in to question his motives, of course. It is hinted that not only are the Smurfs a delicacy, but they are also useful in magic and making gold. It has also been said that he wants to prove that they exist, because he is thought to be crazy by other sorcerors for his belief in Smurfs. You have to draw your own conclusions about the motives of an angry man who lives in the woods with his cat, wearing clothing of the same quality as a potato sack with nothing better to do than to hunt half-naked blue creatures all day long.

 

Azrael is Gargamel's loyal brown cat, who chases the Smurfs for his master. Although he is a cat without any dialogue, you get the feeling that he is truly evil and really hates the Smurfs.

 

Scruple is Gargamel's nephew/apprentice who joins his uncle in the forest after an incomplete term in Wizard School (he got kicked out). While not as mean as Gargamel, Scruple sometimes causes trouble to the Smurfs, but more often causes trouble to his master.

 

The Wartmongers are ugly, disgusting toad-like creatures who live in mud and other unsanitary conditions. Sometimes, the Smurfs find themselves captured by the Wartmongers, who, for whatever reasons, don't have the decency to release them.

 

Balthazar is the godfather of Gargamel, and is a meaner, colder wizard - who hates the Smurfs as much, if not more, than his godson.

 

TV History

 

The Smurfs debuted on NBC in the United States in September, 1981. It was originally created by a Belgian cartoonist named Peyo Culliford. Their original name was the Schtroumpfs. The rights were bought by NBC after the President of the network Fred Silverman saw that his daughter liked a Schtroumpf doll.

 

The show was very popular on Saturday mornings. In order to keep the programme fresh, the character list was constantly reinvented. In 1982, the characters Johan and Peewit - also originally by Peyo Culliford - were given their own sections of the show, but were unpopular and were discontinued.

 

All was well and constant in Smurf Village, for the most part, but outside of it things were happening. Due of the fear of communism at that time, and the Smurf system of government being essentially that, there was some controversy. Also, some considered the show to be sexist, because the only female smurf was Smurfette, and she was created as a tool to corrupt the village.

 

The show won two Emmys for Outstanding Children's Programme. There were also six specials, The Smurfs Springtime Special, The Smurfs Christmas Special, My Smurfy Valentine, The Smurfic Games, Smurfily Ever After and finally the festive 'Tis the Season to be Smurfy.

 

Every sort of imaginable product was made of the Smurfs. Dolls of the characters were especially popular. Since there were so many characters, and since they were easy to make up, potentially hundreds of Smurf dolls could be made. Family Smurf meals were sold, records were produced... the list is almost endless.

 

In 1989, the show tried one last reinvention technique with the Smurfs leaving the Smurf village. However, it wasn't quite the same, and the show was cancelled in December, 1989. Still, it lives on in syndication after 421 episodes.

Coldplay

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Origin London, England

Country {{{country}}}

Years active 1997–present

Genre(s) Alternative rock, Britpop

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Musichead (Australia)

Members Chris Martin

Jon Buckland

Guy Berryman

Will Champion

Past members {{{past_members}}}

Website(s) {{{website}}}

Coldplay is a post-Britpop/alternative rock band from London, England well known for their rock melodies and introspective lyrics.

 

The band consists of:

 

Chris Martin: lead vocals, piano/keyboard, guitar

Jon Buckland: guitar, harmonica, backing vocals

Guy Berryman: bass guitar, synthesizer, harmonica, backing vocals

Will Champion: drums/percussion, piano, backing vocals.

Coldplay's early material was reminiscent of artists such as Radiohead, Oasis, Jeff Buckley, Travis and Kate Bush. Martin has stated that he has been hugely influenced by U2. Other influences include a-ha, R.E.M, Echo and the Bunnymen and, more recently, Johnny Cash and Kraftwerk. Before his death, Cash was actually scheduled to record the track "'Til Kingdom Come" written by the band.

 

Despite Coldplay's surge in popularity, the band has remained very protective of how their music is used in the media. The band allows their music to be used in film, television, and promotional spots such as the movie trailer to Peter Pan. However, Coldplay has been adamantly against the use of their music in actual product endorsement. The band turned down multi-million dollar contracts from Gatorade, Diet Coke, and The Gap, who wanted to use the songs "Yellow", "Trouble", and "Don't Panic" respectively. According to Martin, "We wouldn't be able to live with ourselves if we sold the songs' meanings like that."

 

Since the release of A Rush of Blood to the Head, Coldplay has also been actively supporting various social and political causes. They have been advocates for Oxfam's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International. The group has also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20, Live 8, and the Teenage Cancer Trust. [1] Martin was outspoken against Iraq war in 2003, and endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004. Bassist Guy Berryman says, "You can make people aware of issues. It isn't very much effort for us at all, but if it can help people, then we want to do it". [2]

 

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 Origin and early years (September 1996–October 1999)

1.2 Parachutes (November 1999–September 2001)

1.3 A Rush of Blood to the Head (October 2001–Mid-2004)

1.4 X&Y (Mid-2004–present)

1.5 Next studio album

2 Discography

2.1 Music Videos

2.2 Studio albums

2.3 Live albums

2.4 DVD

2.5 EPs

2.6 Singles

3 Other

4 Tours

5 References

5.1 Books

5.2 Mass media

5.3 Websites

6 See also

6.1 Influences listed in order

6.2 Similar artists

7 See also

8 External links and references

8.1 Official site

8.2 Fan sites

8.3 Other

 

 

 

[edit]

History

[edit]

Origin and early years (September 1996–October 1999)

 

Flyer for an early 1998 gigThe members of the band met in the halls of residence at the University College London in September 1994. Martin and Buckland were the first members of the band, having met one another during freshers' week. They spent the rest of the year planning a band; at one point Martin had considered forming a *BSB inspired boy band called Pectoralationz. Eventually, Berryman joined the ranks, without consideration of what musical direction the band was taking. On 8 January 1998, the band's line-up was complete when Champion joined the band to take up percussion duties. The multi-talented Champion had grown up playing piano, guitar, bass, and tin whistle; he quickly learned the drums, despite having no previous experience with that instrument. At the time, the band performed under the name Starfish.[3] Eventually, they took the name Coldplay from a mutual friend, Tim, who had his own band. According to Martin, "He (Tim) decided he didn't like the name anymore because it was too depressing." In 1998, Coldplay was performing small club gigs for local Camden promoters. Wanting more creative freedom, Martin recruited fellow student and childhood friend Phil Harvey to act as band manager. Harvey helped the band raise money needed to record a demo. Harvey managed the band up until and including the release of their debut album Parachutes.On May 18, 1998 the band released 500 copies of the EP Safety. Most of the discs were given to record companies and friends; only 50 copies remained for sale to the public. In December, Coldplay was signed by indie label Fierce Panda, after founder Simon Williams had attended the band's gig that evening. The result was the three track EP Brothers And Sisters which was quickly recorded over four days in February 1999. The disc was released in April, only 2,500 copies were pressed in a very limited release. Buzz was slowly growing across the UK, helped by regular airplay from BBC Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq.

 

 

From left: Guy, Jon, Chris, WillAfter completing their final examinations, Coldplay was signed to Parlophone for a five-album contract in the spring of 1999. After making their first appearance at Glastonbury, the band went into studio to record a third EP titled The Blue Room. The disc was released in October, and 5,000 copies were made available to the public. The recording sessions for The Blue Room were tumultuous. Martin kicked Champion out of the band but later pleaded with him to return and due to his guilt, Martin (a self-proclaimed non-drinker and non-smoker) went on a drinking binge. Eventually, the band worked out their differences and placed a new set of rules to keep the group intact. First, the band declared an all-for-one approach; Coldplay was a democracy, and profits were to be shared equally, taking a page from bands like a-ha, U2 and R.E.M. Second, the band would fire anyone who used cocaine. In later years, Martin joked about the band's clean-cut image by saying "This (playing music) is better than doing coke off a hooker's back! Which we don't do!" [4]

 

[edit]

Parachutes (November 1999–September 2001)

Main article: Parachutes

In November 1999, Coldplay focused their efforts on their debut album. The band spent the New Year by completing album tracks "Yellow" and "Everything's Not Lost". They also played on the NME Carling Premier Tour, which showcased up-and-coming acts. After releasing three EPs without a hit song, Coldplay scored their first Top 40 single, "Shiver". Released in March 2000, the single placed at a modest #35 and earned the band their first airplay on MTV.

 

 

Coldplay at 2001 Brit AwardsJune 2000 was a pivotal moment in Coldplay's history. The band embarked on their first headlining tour, which included a triumphant return to Glastonbury. More notably, the band released the breakthrough single "Yellow". The song shot to #4 on the UK Singles Chart and placed the band in public consciousness.

 

Coldplay released their first full-length album, Parachutes, in July 2000, which debuted at #1 on the UK Albums Chart. Along with critical acclaim, Parachutes was sometimes criticised for bearing a strong resemblance to the music of Radiohead in their The Bends–OK Computer era. "Yellow" and "Trouble" earned regular airplay on radio on both sides of the Atlantic. While having strong influence of Radiohead, the album captured some of their audience after the electronic-experimental alienating fusion Kid A. Parlophone originally predicted sales of 40,000 units of Parachutes; by Christmas, 1.6 million copies had been sold in the United Kingdom alone. Parachutes was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in September 2000.

 

Having found success in Europe, the band set their sights on North America. Parachutes was released in November 2000. The band embarked on a US club tour in early 2001 coupled with appearances on Saturday Night Live, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and The Late Show with David Letterman. Parachutes was a modest success, and was certified with Gold status in the United States. The album was also critically well-received, earning Best Alternative Music Album honours at the 2002 Grammy Awards.

 

[edit]

A Rush of Blood to the Head (October 2001–Mid-2004)

 

Clockwise from left: Will, Guy, Jon, ChrisMain article: A Rush of Blood to the Head

Coldplay returned to the studios in October 2001 to begin work on their second album. The sessions were sometimes difficult, and there were numerous rumours that the band was on the verge of a break-up or that the album would be their final release. With much anticipation, Coldplay released their second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head in August 2002.

 

The album was generally considered to be a more sophisticated effort than Parachutes. For example, the charged opening track "Politik" was written days after the September 11 terrorist attacks. A Rush of Blood to the Head became a best-seller and earned the band more critical accolades. The album spawned many popular singles, notably "In My Place", "The Scientist", and "Clocks". A Rush of Blood to the Head was perhaps most reminiscent of classic era Echo & the Bunnymen. This is not surprising, since Bunnymen singer Ian McCulloch was invited to recording sessions as an unofficial studio consultant. On one occasion, Martin was actually wearing McCulloch's jacket when recording "In My Place". Chris Martin and Jon Buckland returned the favour by guesting on McCulloch's solo album Slideling. Coldplay have also performed live renditions of the Bunnymen hit "Lips Like Sugar" on a regular basis.

 

Coldplay toured for over a year, from June 2002 to September 2003, visiting five continents including co-headlining festival dates at Glastonbury Festival, V2003, and Rock Werchter. The tour showed the band's progression into a bona fide stadium act. Many shows included elaborate lighting and individualized screens reminiscent of U2's Elevation Tour. Coldplay also built a reputation of performing eclectic covers, including Aqua's "Barbie Girl", Rammstein's "Du hast", and Nelly's "Hot in Herre", along with more heartfelt renditions of a-ha's "The Living Daylights" and Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World". During the extended tour, Coldplay also recorded a live DVD and CD, Live 2003, at Sydney's Horden Pavilion. A new song, "Moses", could be found on this compilation.

 

In December 2003, Coldplay covered The Pretenders hit "2000 Miles", which was made available for download on their official site. It was the top selling UK download that year, with proceeds from the sales donated to Future Forests and Stop Handgun Violence campaigns. A Rush of Blood to the Head won two trophies at the 2003 Grammy Awards. At the 2004 Grammy Awards, Coldplay earned Record of the Year honours for "Clocks".

 

[edit]

X&Y (Mid-2004–present)

 

Coldplay, Inside Entertainment (April 2005)Main article: X&Y

2004 was a quiet year for Coldplay, as they spent most of the year out of spotlight resting from touring and recording their third album. In May, Coldplay teased fans with a new song and music video on their official site to celebrate the birth of Apple, Martin's daughter. Famed producer Sir George Martin introduced the promo as Coldplay and their producer Ken Nelson performed as The Nappies, a satirised rap/glam rock outfit. Martin joked that this music had been inspired by Jay-Z. [5].

 

Coldplay's third album, X&Y, was released on 6 June 2005 in the UK. The lead single "Speed of Sound", made its radio and online music store debut on 18 April and was released as a CD on 23 May 2005. The album debuted at #1 in 28 countries worldwide and was the second fastest selling album in UK chart history (behind the 1997 Oasis album Be Here Now). Two other singles were released that year by the Brit quartet: "Fix You" in September and "Talk" in December.

 

X&Y was originally set to be released in late 2004. In the middle of that year, Coldplay had penned over 40 new songs for their third album. Several of these songs (such as "The World Turned Upside Down" and "Pour Me", which have since been released as b-sides on the "Fix You" single, and "Ladder To The Sun") had been performed live on the A Rush Of Blood To The Head Tour. However, they were scrapped and the band regrouped to write and record new tracks. X&Y was recorded over 18 months in eight studios in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Liverpool, and London.

 

To promote the new release, Coldplay performed at a series of intimate secret gigs in Europe and in North America from March to May 2005, which resulted in sold-out shows in locations such as San Francisco, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, and New York City. Since June 2005, Coldplay has been on the Twisted Logic Tour, a global concert tour that has included festival dates like Coachella, Glastonbury, The Austin City Limits Festival and the Fuji Rock festivals. In July, the band appeared at Live 8 in Hyde Park, London. A week before they also headlined at the Glastonbury Festival on Saturday night. In September, Coldplay recorded a new version of "How You See The World" to War Child's Help: a Day in the Life charity album. Then in December 2005, the band appeared on the American television concert series Austin City Limits and performed previous hits and songs from X&Y.

 

Coldplay has planned two more legs of the Twisted Logic Tour for 2006, with North American dates from late January (launching in Seattle) to early April (ending in Philadelphia). The band has also confirmed Australian concerts in June/July in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. Adelaide and Perth were also added after successful online and offline petitions from the respective cities. Their Australian support group will be upcoming Aussie band Youth Group.

 

[edit]

Next studio album

In an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Chris Martin hinted that Coldplay's next album may be a "fast, dark and heavy" affair "with no pianos." [6] Band manager David Holmes suggested that the band may record a new album between their tour schedule over the new year: "They're definitely hungry to get back in the studio to make another record; they've got a lot of material. So for next year we're looking at building a tour around their recording schedule. Ultimately it could potentially mean we end up releasing another record [next year] and continuing to tour well into '07."

 

There are speculations that the band will get to the studio soon to record new material. "We just love being creative," bassist Guy Berryman said. "When we're out on the road, it's amazing to play live but we're really missing what we do best, which is creating. We've been together for almost ten years now and we've only made three albums." Speaking to BBC 6 Music, he added: "When you look at people like The Beatles who knocked out a couple a year, it sort of makes us start to panic a little bit. So we're just desperate to get back into the studio."

 

Recently, Chris Martin has stated that "I think next time we'll be everyone's band. Our next album is going to be the greatest piece of music ever made...It is going to be really good." The band already has songs for the album written. "I just feel so motivated and I just see life as being so short and I still don't think we've written the best song ever, so every night, in the middle of the night, I wake up and I'll just try and write it."[7]

 

[edit]

Discography

[edit]

Music Videos

Talk

Fix You

Note: Unless otherwise stated, all releases are on the Parlophone label in the UK and Capitol in the US.

 

[edit]

Studio albums

 

Parachutes

 

10 July 2000

 

#1 (UK); #51 (US)

A Rush of Blood to the Head

 

26 August 2002

 

#1 (UK); #5 (US)

X&Y

 

6 June 2005

 

#1 (UK); #1 (US)

[edit]

Live albums

 

Live 2003

 

4 November 2003

 

#13 (US)

[edit]

DVD

Live 2003 (Official concert and documentary release)

Maximum Coldplay (Unofficial documentary)

Coldplay — Back to the Start (Unofficial documentary)

[edit]

EPs

Safety EP (1998, released independently, UK only, limited to 500 copies)

Brothers & Sisters EP (1999, released on Fierce Panda in the UK, also limited to 500 copies)

The Blue Room EP (1999, released on EMI Int'l in the US and Parlophone in the UK)

Trouble (2000, a live EP, recorded in Norway, different from the single of the same name, Norway only, released on the EMI label)

Sparks (2000, never commercially released but promotional copies are widely available, contains a live version of Yellow and a B-side from The Blue Room EP)

Clocks (2003, a live EP, recorded in Rotterdam, Netherlands, comprising three separately-sold singles that go together in a large gatefold case, released on EMI international, limited production)

Fix You (2005, released as a digital EP in the U.S.; available excusively on iTunes; includes the album and live versions of "Fix You" plus two previously unreleased songs in the U.S. 100% of proceeds will go to those affected by Hurricane Katrina.)

Talk (2005, a series of digipaks released in the Netherlands over three weeks in December, containing the album and radio edit versions of "Talk", as well as live versions of the single and other tracks recorded at Gelredome in 2005.)

[edit]

Singles

Year Song UK singles US Hot 100 US Modern Rock US Adult Top 40 Album

1999 "Brothers & Sisters" 107 - - - Brothers & Sisters EP

2000 "Shiver" 35 - 26 - Parachutes

2000 "Yellow" 4 48 6 11 Parachutes

2000 "Trouble" 10 - 28 23 Parachutes

2001 "Don't Panic" 130 - - - Parachutes

2002 "In My Place" 2 - 17 2 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2002 "The Scientist" 10 - 18 34 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "Clocks" 9 29 9 4 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" 100 - - - A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "2000 Miles" - - - - Download-only charity single

2004 "Moses" - - 24 - Live 2003

2005 "Speed of Sound" 2 8 5 3 X&Y

2005 "Fix You" 4 59 18 24 X&Y

2005 "Talk" 10 - 5 24 X&Y

2006 "The Hardest Part" (Rumoured) (Worldwide) - - - - X&Y

2006 "White Shadows" (Rumoured) (North America/UK only) - - - - X&Y

[edit]

Other

"Ode To Deodorant" (1998, demo tape)

"Mince Spies" (2001, released only to the pre-Parachutes Coldplay fan club, consists of a cover of "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" and a remix of "Yellow", limited to 1000 copies worldwide)

"Remixes" (2003, UK only, limited to 1000 copies)

[edit]

Tours

Parachutes Tour (2000)

A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour (2003)

Twisted Logic Tour (2005)

[edit]

References

[edit]

Books

Roach, Martin (2003). Coldplay: Nobody Said It Was Easy. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9810-8.

[edit]

Mass media

Ongoing History of New Music: The History of Coldplay 102.1 The Edge 2002.

Fair Trade's Front Man Mother Jones January 2004.

Coldplay concert review The Guardian 16 April 2003.

[edit]

Websites

Coldplay Official Website. Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Recording Coldplay's Parachutes Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Coldplaying.com — Coldplay History Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Hot and Coldplay: About Coldplay Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Everything's Not Lost — The Coldplay Discography Retrieved 56 5 June 2005.

Amnesty International (USA) — Coldplay Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Coldplay help put a smile on the Teenage Cancer Trust's face Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Anecdote — Chris Martin Retrieved 22 March 2005.

The state of coldplay — Tour Schedule Retrieved 2005

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Influences listed in order

a-ha

Jeff Buckley

Neil Young

Depeche Mode

Echo and the Bunnymen

Kraftwerk

Oasis

R.E.M.

Radiohead

Travis

U2

 

 

 

[edit]

Similar artists

Athlete

Doves

Embrace

Keane

Tom McRae

[edit]

See also

List of songs in triple meter (2000–2009)

[edit]

External links and references

[edit]

Official site

Official website

[edit]

Fan sites

Coldplaying.com

Hot & Coldplay

The state of coldplay

Everything's Not Lost

[edit]

Other

Coldplay Rocks the US for Make Trade Fair

Coldplay — Amnesty International

 

 

 

Coldplay

Chris Martin | Jon Buckland | Guy Berryman | Will Champion

Albums and EPs

Safety EP | Brothers & Sisters EP | The Blue Room EP

Parachutes | Trouble Live EP | A Rush of Blood to the Head | Live 2003 | X&Y

 

Singles

"Ode To Deodorant" | "Brothers & Sisters" | "Shiver" | "Yellow" | "Trouble" | "Don't Panic"

"In My Place" | "The Scientist" | "Clocks | "God Put A Smile Upon Your Face"

"Speed of Sound" | "Fix You" | "Talk" | "The Hardest Part" / "White Shadows"

Related articles

Britpop | Parlophone | Ken Nelson | Make Trade Fair | Discography

 

 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"

Categories: English musical groups | Music from London | Dance Top 40 acts in United States | Grammy Award Winners | Coldplay

 

Coldplay

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

 

 

 

Origin London, England

Country {{{country}}}

Years active 1997–present

Genre(s) Alternative rock, Britpop

Label(s) Capitol Records (USA)

Parlophone (UK/Canada)

Musichead (Australia)

Members Chris Martin

Jon Buckland

Guy Berryman

Will Champion

Past members {{{past_members}}}

Website(s) {{{website}}}

Coldplay is a post-Britpop/alternative rock band from London, England well known for their rock melodies and introspective lyrics.

 

The band consists of:

 

Chris Martin: lead vocals, piano/keyboard, guitar

Jon Buckland: guitar, harmonica, backing vocals

Guy Berryman: bass guitar, synthesizer, harmonica, backing vocals

Will Champion: drums/percussion, piano, backing vocals.

Coldplay's early material was reminiscent of artists such as Radiohead, Oasis, Jeff Buckley, Travis and Kate Bush. Martin has stated that he has been hugely influenced by U2. Other influences include a-ha, R.E.M, Echo and the Bunnymen and, more recently, Johnny Cash and Kraftwerk. Before his death, Cash was actually scheduled to record the track "'Til Kingdom Come" written by the band.

 

Despite Coldplay's surge in popularity, the band has remained very protective of how their music is used in the media. The band allows their music to be used in film, television, and promotional spots such as the movie trailer to Peter Pan. However, Coldplay has been adamantly against the use of their music in actual product endorsement. The band turned down multi-million dollar contracts from Gatorade, Diet Coke, and The Gap, who wanted to use the songs "Yellow", "Trouble", and "Don't Panic" respectively. According to Martin, "We wouldn't be able to live with ourselves if we sold the songs' meanings like that."

 

Since the release of A Rush of Blood to the Head, Coldplay has also been actively supporting various social and political causes. They have been advocates for Oxfam's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International. The group has also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20, Live 8, and the Teenage Cancer Trust. [1] Martin was outspoken against Iraq war in 2003, and endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004. Bassist Guy Berryman says, "You can make people aware of issues. It isn't very much effort for us at all, but if it can help people, then we want to do it". [2]

 

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 Origin and early years (September 1996–October 1999)

1.2 Parachutes (November 1999–September 2001)

1.3 A Rush of Blood to the Head (October 2001–Mid-2004)

1.4 X&Y (Mid-2004–present)

1.5 Next studio album

2 Discography

2.1 Music Videos

2.2 Studio albums

2.3 Live albums

2.4 DVD

2.5 EPs

2.6 Singles

3 Other

4 Tours

5 References

5.1 Books

5.2 Mass media

5.3 Websites

6 See also

6.1 Influences listed in order

6.2 Similar artists

7 See also

8 External links and references

8.1 Official site

8.2 Fan sites

8.3 Other

 

 

 

[edit]

History

[edit]

Origin and early years (September 1996–October 1999)

 

Flyer for an early 1998 gigThe members of the band met in the halls of residence at the University College London in September 1994. Martin and Buckland were the first members of the band, having met one another during freshers' week. They spent the rest of the year planning a band; at one point Martin had considered forming a *BSB inspired boy band called Pectoralationz. Eventually, Berryman joined the ranks, without consideration of what musical direction the band was taking. On 8 January 1998, the band's line-up was complete when Champion joined the band to take up percussion duties. The multi-talented Champion had grown up playing piano, guitar, bass, and tin whistle; he quickly learned the drums, despite having no previous experience with that instrument. At the time, the band performed under the name Starfish.[3] Eventually, they took the name Coldplay from a mutual friend, Tim, who had his own band. According to Martin, "He (Tim) decided he didn't like the name anymore because it was too depressing." In 1998, Coldplay was performing small club gigs for local Camden promoters. Wanting more creative freedom, Martin recruited fellow student and childhood friend Phil Harvey to act as band manager. Harvey helped the band raise money needed to record a demo. Harvey managed the band up until and including the release of their debut album Parachutes.On May 18, 1998 the band released 500 copies of the EP Safety. Most of the discs were given to record companies and friends; only 50 copies remained for sale to the public. In December, Coldplay was signed by indie label Fierce Panda, after founder Simon Williams had attended the band's gig that evening. The result was the three track EP Brothers And Sisters which was quickly recorded over four days in February 1999. The disc was released in April, only 2,500 copies were pressed in a very limited release. Buzz was slowly growing across the UK, helped by regular airplay from BBC Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq.

 

 

From left: Guy, Jon, Chris, WillAfter completing their final examinations, Coldplay was signed to Parlophone for a five-album contract in the spring of 1999. After making their first appearance at Glastonbury, the band went into studio to record a third EP titled The Blue Room. The disc was released in October, and 5,000 copies were made available to the public. The recording sessions for The Blue Room were tumultuous. Martin kicked Champion out of the band but later pleaded with him to return and due to his guilt, Martin (a self-proclaimed non-drinker and non-smoker) went on a drinking binge. Eventually, the band worked out their differences and placed a new set of rules to keep the group intact. First, the band declared an all-for-one approach; Coldplay was a democracy, and profits were to be shared equally, taking a page from bands like a-ha, U2 and R.E.M. Second, the band would fire anyone who used cocaine. In later years, Martin joked about the band's clean-cut image by saying "This (playing music) is better than doing coke off a hooker's back! Which we don't do!" [4]

 

[edit]

Parachutes (November 1999–September 2001)

Main article: Parachutes

In November 1999, Coldplay focused their efforts on their debut album. The band spent the New Year by completing album tracks "Yellow" and "Everything's Not Lost". They also played on the NME Carling Premier Tour, which showcased up-and-coming acts. After releasing three EPs without a hit song, Coldplay scored their first Top 40 single, "Shiver". Released in March 2000, the single placed at a modest #35 and earned the band their first airplay on MTV.

 

 

Coldplay at 2001 Brit AwardsJune 2000 was a pivotal moment in Coldplay's history. The band embarked on their first headlining tour, which included a triumphant return to Glastonbury. More notably, the band released the breakthrough single "Yellow". The song shot to #4 on the UK Singles Chart and placed the band in public consciousness.

 

Coldplay released their first full-length album, Parachutes, in July 2000, which debuted at #1 on the UK Albums Chart. Along with critical acclaim, Parachutes was sometimes criticised for bearing a strong resemblance to the music of Radiohead in their The Bends–OK Computer era. "Yellow" and "Trouble" earned regular airplay on radio on both sides of the Atlantic. While having strong influence of Radiohead, the album captured some of their audience after the electronic-experimental alienating fusion Kid A. Parlophone originally predicted sales of 40,000 units of Parachutes; by Christmas, 1.6 million copies had been sold in the United Kingdom alone. Parachutes was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in September 2000.

 

Having found success in Europe, the band set their sights on North America. Parachutes was released in November 2000. The band embarked on a US club tour in early 2001 coupled with appearances on Saturday Night Live, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and The Late Show with David Letterman. Parachutes was a modest success, and was certified with Gold status in the United States. The album was also critically well-received, earning Best Alternative Music Album honours at the 2002 Grammy Awards.

 

[edit]

A Rush of Blood to the Head (October 2001–Mid-2004)

 

Clockwise from left: Will, Guy, Jon, ChrisMain article: A Rush of Blood to the Head

Coldplay returned to the studios in October 2001 to begin work on their second album. The sessions were sometimes difficult, and there were numerous rumours that the band was on the verge of a break-up or that the album would be their final release. With much anticipation, Coldplay released their second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head in August 2002.

 

The album was generally considered to be a more sophisticated effort than Parachutes. For example, the charged opening track "Politik" was written days after the September 11 terrorist attacks. A Rush of Blood to the Head became a best-seller and earned the band more critical accolades. The album spawned many popular singles, notably "In My Place", "The Scientist", and "Clocks". A Rush of Blood to the Head was perhaps most reminiscent of classic era Echo & the Bunnymen. This is not surprising, since Bunnymen singer Ian McCulloch was invited to recording sessions as an unofficial studio consultant. On one occasion, Martin was actually wearing McCulloch's jacket when recording "In My Place". Chris Martin and Jon Buckland returned the favour by guesting on McCulloch's solo album Slideling. Coldplay have also performed live renditions of the Bunnymen hit "Lips Like Sugar" on a regular basis.

 

Coldplay toured for over a year, from June 2002 to September 2003, visiting five continents including co-headlining festival dates at Glastonbury Festival, V2003, and Rock Werchter. The tour showed the band's progression into a bona fide stadium act. Many shows included elaborate lighting and individualized screens reminiscent of U2's Elevation Tour. Coldplay also built a reputation of performing eclectic covers, including Aqua's "Barbie Girl", Rammstein's "Du hast", and Nelly's "Hot in Herre", along with more heartfelt renditions of a-ha's "The Living Daylights" and Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World". During the extended tour, Coldplay also recorded a live DVD and CD, Live 2003, at Sydney's Horden Pavilion. A new song, "Moses", could be found on this compilation.

 

In December 2003, Coldplay covered The Pretenders hit "2000 Miles", which was made available for download on their official site. It was the top selling UK download that year, with proceeds from the sales donated to Future Forests and Stop Handgun Violence campaigns. A Rush of Blood to the Head won two trophies at the 2003 Grammy Awards. At the 2004 Grammy Awards, Coldplay earned Record of the Year honours for "Clocks".

 

[edit]

X&Y (Mid-2004–present)

 

Coldplay, Inside Entertainment (April 2005)Main article: X&Y

2004 was a quiet year for Coldplay, as they spent most of the year out of spotlight resting from touring and recording their third album. In May, Coldplay teased fans with a new song and music video on their official site to celebrate the birth of Apple, Martin's daughter. Famed producer Sir George Martin introduced the promo as Coldplay and their producer Ken Nelson performed as The Nappies, a satirised rap/glam rock outfit. Martin joked that this music had been inspired by Jay-Z. [5].

 

Coldplay's third album, X&Y, was released on 6 June 2005 in the UK. The lead single "Speed of Sound", made its radio and online music store debut on 18 April and was released as a CD on 23 May 2005. The album debuted at #1 in 28 countries worldwide and was the second fastest selling album in UK chart history (behind the 1997 Oasis album Be Here Now). Two other singles were released that year by the Brit quartet: "Fix You" in September and "Talk" in December.

 

X&Y was originally set to be released in late 2004. In the middle of that year, Coldplay had penned over 40 new songs for their third album. Several of these songs (such as "The World Turned Upside Down" and "Pour Me", which have since been released as b-sides on the "Fix You" single, and "Ladder To The Sun") had been performed live on the A Rush Of Blood To The Head Tour. However, they were scrapped and the band regrouped to write and record new tracks. X&Y was recorded over 18 months in eight studios in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Liverpool, and London.

 

To promote the new release, Coldplay performed at a series of intimate secret gigs in Europe and in North America from March to May 2005, which resulted in sold-out shows in locations such as San Francisco, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, and New York City. Since June 2005, Coldplay has been on the Twisted Logic Tour, a global concert tour that has included festival dates like Coachella, Glastonbury, The Austin City Limits Festival and the Fuji Rock festivals. In July, the band appeared at Live 8 in Hyde Park, London. A week before they also headlined at the Glastonbury Festival on Saturday night. In September, Coldplay recorded a new version of "How You See The World" to War Child's Help: a Day in the Life charity album. Then in December 2005, the band appeared on the American television concert series Austin City Limits and performed previous hits and songs from X&Y.

 

Coldplay has planned two more legs of the Twisted Logic Tour for 2006, with North American dates from late January (launching in Seattle) to early April (ending in Philadelphia). The band has also confirmed Australian concerts in June/July in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. Adelaide and Perth were also added after successful online and offline petitions from the respective cities. Their Australian support group will be upcoming Aussie band Youth Group.

 

[edit]

Next studio album

In an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Chris Martin hinted that Coldplay's next album may be a "fast, dark and heavy" affair "with no pianos." [6] Band manager David Holmes suggested that the band may record a new album between their tour schedule over the new year: "They're definitely hungry to get back in the studio to make another record; they've got a lot of material. So for next year we're looking at building a tour around their recording schedule. Ultimately it could potentially mean we end up releasing another record [next year] and continuing to tour well into '07."

 

There are speculations that the band will get to the studio soon to record new material. "We just love being creative," bassist Guy Berryman said. "When we're out on the road, it's amazing to play live but we're really missing what we do best, which is creating. We've been together for almost ten years now and we've only made three albums." Speaking to BBC 6 Music, he added: "When you look at people like The Beatles who knocked out a couple a year, it sort of makes us start to panic a little bit. So we're just desperate to get back into the studio."

 

Recently, Chris Martin has stated that "I think next time we'll be everyone's band. Our next album is going to be the greatest piece of music ever made...It is going to be really good." The band already has songs for the album written. "I just feel so motivated and I just see life as being so short and I still don't think we've written the best song ever, so every night, in the middle of the night, I wake up and I'll just try and write it."[7]

 

[edit]

Discography

[edit]

Music Videos

Talk

Fix You

Note: Unless otherwise stated, all releases are on the Parlophone label in the UK and Capitol in the US.

 

[edit]

Studio albums

 

Parachutes

 

10 July 2000

 

#1 (UK); #51 (US)

A Rush of Blood to the Head

 

26 August 2002

 

#1 (UK); #5 (US)

X&Y

 

6 June 2005

 

#1 (UK); #1 (US)

[edit]

Live albums

 

Live 2003

 

4 November 2003

 

#13 (US)

[edit]

DVD

Live 2003 (Official concert and documentary release)

Maximum Coldplay (Unofficial documentary)

Coldplay — Back to the Start (Unofficial documentary)

[edit]

EPs

Safety EP (1998, released independently, UK only, limited to 500 copies)

Brothers & Sisters EP (1999, released on Fierce Panda in the UK, also limited to 500 copies)

The Blue Room EP (1999, released on EMI Int'l in the US and Parlophone in the UK)

Trouble (2000, a live EP, recorded in Norway, different from the single of the same name, Norway only, released on the EMI label)

Sparks (2000, never commercially released but promotional copies are widely available, contains a live version of Yellow and a B-side from The Blue Room EP)

Clocks (2003, a live EP, recorded in Rotterdam, Netherlands, comprising three separately-sold singles that go together in a large gatefold case, released on EMI international, limited production)

Fix You (2005, released as a digital EP in the U.S.; available excusively on iTunes; includes the album and live versions of "Fix You" plus two previously unreleased songs in the U.S. 100% of proceeds will go to those affected by Hurricane Katrina.)

Talk (2005, a series of digipaks released in the Netherlands over three weeks in December, containing the album and radio edit versions of "Talk", as well as live versions of the single and other tracks recorded at Gelredome in 2005.)

[edit]

Singles

Year Song UK singles US Hot 100 US Modern Rock US Adult Top 40 Album

1999 "Brothers & Sisters" 107 - - - Brothers & Sisters EP

2000 "Shiver" 35 - 26 - Parachutes

2000 "Yellow" 4 48 6 11 Parachutes

2000 "Trouble" 10 - 28 23 Parachutes

2001 "Don't Panic" 130 - - - Parachutes

2002 "In My Place" 2 - 17 2 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2002 "The Scientist" 10 - 18 34 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "Clocks" 9 29 9 4 A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" 100 - - - A Rush of Blood to the Head

2003 "2000 Miles" - - - - Download-only charity single

2004 "Moses" - - 24 - Live 2003

2005 "Speed of Sound" 2 8 5 3 X&Y

2005 "Fix You" 4 59 18 24 X&Y

2005 "Talk" 10 - 5 24 X&Y

2006 "The Hardest Part" (Rumoured) (Worldwide) - - - - X&Y

2006 "White Shadows" (Rumoured) (North America/UK only) - - - - X&Y

[edit]

Other

"Ode To Deodorant" (1998, demo tape)

"Mince Spies" (2001, released only to the pre-Parachutes Coldplay fan club, consists of a cover of "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" and a remix of "Yellow", limited to 1000 copies worldwide)

"Remixes" (2003, UK only, limited to 1000 copies)

[edit]

Tours

Parachutes Tour (2000)

A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour (2003)

Twisted Logic Tour (2005)

[edit]

References

[edit]

Books

Roach, Martin (2003). Coldplay: Nobody Said It Was Easy. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9810-8.

[edit]

Mass media

Ongoing History of New Music: The History of Coldplay 102.1 The Edge 2002.

Fair Trade's Front Man Mother Jones January 2004.

Coldplay concert review The Guardian 16 April 2003.

[edit]

Websites

Coldplay Official Website. Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Recording Coldplay's Parachutes Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Coldplaying.com — Coldplay History Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Hot and Coldplay: About Coldplay Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Everything's Not Lost — The Coldplay Discography Retrieved 56 5 June 2005.

Amnesty International (USA) — Coldplay Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Coldplay help put a smile on the Teenage Cancer Trust's face Retrieved 22 March 2005.

Anecdote — Chris Martin Retrieved 22 March 2005.

The state of coldplay — Tour Schedule Retrieved 2005

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Influences listed in order

a-ha

Jeff Buckley

Neil Young

Depeche Mode

Echo and the Bunnymen

Kraftwerk

Oasis

R.E.M.

Radiohead

Travis

U2

 

 

 

[edit]

Similar artists

Athlete

Doves

Embrace

Keane

Tom McRae

[edit]

See also

List of songs in triple meter (2000–2009)

[edit]

External links and references

[edit]

Official site

Official website

[edit]

Fan sites

Coldplaying.com

Hot & Coldplay

The state of coldplay

Everything's Not Lost

[edit]

Other

Coldplay Rocks the US for Make Trade Fair

Coldplay — Amnesty International

 

 

 

Coldplay

Chris Martin | Jon Buckland | Guy Berryman | Will Champion

Albums and EPs

Safety EP | Brothers & Sisters EP | The Blue Room EP

Parachutes | Trouble Live EP | A Rush of Blood to the Head | Live 2003 | X&Y

 

Singles

"Ode To Deodorant" | "Brothers & Sisters" | "Shiver" | "Yellow" | "Trouble" | "Don't Panic"

"In My Place" | "The Scientist" | "Clocks | "God Put A Smile Upon Your Face"

"Speed of Sound" | "Fix You" | "Talk" | "The Hardest Part" / "White Shadows"

Related articles

Britpop | Parlophone | Ken Nelson | Make Trade Fair | Discography

 

 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"

Categories: English musical groups | Music from London | Dance Top 40 acts in United States | Grammy Award Winners | Coldplay

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